Chapter 1

1.1 Background of Problem

1.1.1 Introduction

Sculpture in the Landscape is founded on the notion that more individuals, more companies, more developers, more institutions, and more municipalities would acquire outdoor art if the process was simple enough, easy enough and a fundamental confidence in the outcome could be achieved. The reason being;

i. The society is still unable to realize than function of sculptures which are placed in the vicinily.

ii. The making of more commercial sculptures creates many themes and function which is not seen as an artwork

iii. Looking at the local scenario, it is found that there is no theme sculpture in landscape.

iv. The usages of sculptures to decorate the gardens have somehow created impression when it is commercialize. This shows the aesthetic value of the art has depreciated tremendously.

The development of landscape in Malaysia started in the 14 and 15 century. Based on the writings of Munsyi Abdullah about “Taman Larangan” during the Kesultanan Melayu Melaka and the beautiful flower garden durimg the Kesultanan Kelantan in 16 century which was also known as “Tanah Serendah Sekebun Bunga”.

The remains which were left behind by the Portugese, Dutch and British in Tanah Melayu created what is known as landscape through the introduction of recreational and public areas. They also brought exotic plants from their country and of seem to be still existing until today in places like:

i.   Taman Botani, Pulau Pinang (1884)

ii.  Taman Tasik Perdana, Kuala Lumpur (1910)

iii. Taman Tasik Taiping, Perak (1910)

Currently there are many parks that are build by the government for the people such as:

i.   Taman Tasik Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur

ii.  Taman Tasik, Putrajaya

iii. Taman Tasik Shah Alam, Selangor

iv. Taman Bandar Tasik Selatan, Kuala Lumpur

v. Taman Bandar Tasik Puteri, Kuala Lumpur

vi. Taman Seribu Bunga, Melaka

1.2 Statement of Problem

These days, many people do not know that sculptures play major role whether it is in outside the studio.

But in this context, many do not understand that the sculptures that are exhibited outside the studio are taken up for commercialization and become a new trend. However, as many sculptures are created but it is still not art.The main issue here this rampantly taking place, there is a wide gap that is being created between identity and the purity of sculptures that is used.

This phenomenon happens when the sculptures are no longer created by artist but a craftman.

Artist and craftman is two different individual where a craft person is one who makes something with his hands and mind but an artist is one who makes something with his hands, mind and heart.

However, the society is still naïve about understanding the artwork. Instead they only give importance to beauty alone without taking into account the values it contains.

The value of an artwork potrays the dignity which is above all and prideless. This is the reason that we can still see and hear that the artwork of a renowned artist has been sold up to millions ringgits.

As far as this problem is concerned, only functions as decoration only.

Art is work that transcends its humble materials to create an original statement or expression in a meaningful and enduring ways while craft can transcend their humble materials as well to become art but it takes an experienced craftman to do this. This clearly shows that art and craft are two different subjects.

1.3 Aim & Objective

1.3.1 Objective

i. To identify and search as many information about sculpture in landscapes and to find thethe difference.

ii. To provide information about its structural development and functions so that it will be accaccepted as an art work and not as Craft.

iii. To proposed a new dimension of sculpture in landscape .This is significant with the modernization and major development which will not make it outdated.

1.4 Significant of Study

The effects of this research is hoped to share a new dimension on sculpture especially in providing more for the landscape art in Malaysia.

It is hoped through this research, it will further develop the scenario of using sculpture in landscaping.  This is inline with the needs and current development of society in Malaysia.

It can also create new perception of people about the function and value of certain sculpture. This would indirectly create a vast difference between art and craft.

The researcher really hopes that the people would be opening minded when the art elements are given importance in making a sculpture.

This will further increase the value of a sculpture when it is matched with the natural environment.

1.5 Delimitation

Scope for this research are focused on:

Sculptures which decorate local landscapes

1.6 Limitation

Problem that is beyond control of this research is to obtain relevant information on Sculpture around Selangor, Perak,Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Johor and Sarawak.

Chapter 2

2.1 Literature Review

The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically-, spiritually-, or philosophically- motivated art; to create a sense of beauty to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to generate strong emotions. The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent.

Art means:"A product that evokes the sense and stimulates emotions.The product may be something thought to be beautiful, interesting, controversial, emotional moving, educational or displaying historic or cultural" meaning.’’(Doris Chase)

The art is a broad subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. It is a broader term than "art," which as a description of a field usually means only the visual arts (comprising fine art, decorative art, architecture and crafts).

Art can describe several things: a study of creative skill, a process of using the creative skill, a product of the creative skill, or the audience's experience with the creative skill.

The creative arts (art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines (arts) that produce artworks (art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and echo or reflect a message, mood, or symbolism for the viewer to interpret (art as experience). Artworks can be defined by purposeful, creative interpretations of limitless concepts or ideas in order to communicate something to another person.

Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. It is also an expression of an idea and it can take many different forms and serve many different purposes.

Although the application of scientific knowledge to derive a new scientific theory involves skill and results in the "creation" of something new, this represents science only and is not categorized as art.

Art is seen as a high-status activity associated with wealth and the ability to purchase both works of art and the leisure required to enjoy them.

Much of the confusion about what can be or cannot be deemed art comes from an unconsidered use of the word to describe things or people as good or bad, as in such expressions as "(that meal was) a work of art" or "the art of deception".

It is this use of the word as an absolute measure of quality or value that gives the term its appearance of subjectivity.

2.1.1 Definition

sculpture: a three-dimensional work of plastic art

sculpture, carving: creating figures or designs in three dimensions

Sculpture can be classified as "Three- dimensional art produced especially by forming hard or plastic materials into three- dimensional objects, usually by carving or modeling.

The designs may be produced in freestanding objects (i.e., in the round), in relief, or in environments, and a variety of media may be used, including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, wood, plaster, rubber, and found objects.

Materials may be carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, or assembled and combined.

Various forms of sculpture have been found in virtually every culture throughout history.

That's mean anything which any 3 dimensions object, has modified with variety way no matter how many large his size or no matter what its colour reasonable to be mentioned as sculpture.

2.1.2 Discussion

The following are discussion on sculptures from the extended perspective

A. Public Art

The term Public Art properly refers to works of art in any media that has been planned and executed with the specific intention of being sited or staged in the physical public domain, usually outside and accessible to all.

The term is especially significant within the art world, amongst curators, commissioning bodies and practitioners of public art, to whom it signifies a particular working practice, often with implications of site specificity, community involvement and collaboration.

Public Art contributes to the process of place making (Doris Chase, Sucher)

Public art identifies the city, displaying persons and events in history by use of historic monuments. This form of art can educate the public about these historically important events. They cause people to think about the history, remember the events and people, and even to relive them (Doris Chase,Lynch)

The term is sometimes also applied to include any art which is exhibited in a public space including publicly accessible buildings.

Public art gives the community an identity - character that can be representative of the city and its people.

Monuments, memorials and civic statuary are the oldest and most obvious form of officially sanctioned public art, although it could be said that architectural detail and even architecture itself is more widespread and fulfills the definition of public art. Increasingly most aspects of the built environment are seen as legitimate candidates for consideration as, or location for, public art, including, street furniture, lighting and graffiti.

Public art as objects in our environment for public use and enjoyment (Doris Chase) that may display the following characters:

i. history

ii. aesthetic

iii. functional

Public Art can be found in the form:

i. Sculpture

ii. Monuments

iii. Murals

v. Fountains

vi. Ammenities such as seating,light,sign

B. Environmental Art

Environmental art in the landscape and in urban environments. Some can be classified as land art, while others are actually urban environments. Environmental art is of- or pertains to the environment.

Environmental Art can be found such:

i. Land Art

ii. Urban Environmental

iii. Environmental Design

iv. Environmental Sculpture

Therefore it is so that land art is also a form of environmental art.

When the used material is local material, it can be called land art as well as environmental art.

Being of the same material, the work becomes one with its surroundings, while at the same time it distinguishes itself from it.The surroundings reflect in the work. There have been and still are, various other terms used, like earth art and landworks.

Nowadays it is less likely that land art will also be called environmental art because the term environmental has gotten a broader and shifted meaning. It used to mean a specific surroundings, which could indeed be an environment like that of a dumpsite. But its definition has evolved towards an awareness of our natural environment and our preservational responsibilities concerning it.

It can be said that land art points outwards and manifests itself, while environmental art is more introvert.Most works are meant to be permanent. Their permanence varies, depending on various factors - environmental, as well as human factors.

C. Sculptural Landscape

Sculptural Landscape are sculptures that are built using stones like granit or marmar which are carved or shaped into many different shapes like human,flora,fauna and abstract shapes.

(Patrick Eyres and Fiona Russell)

The integration of sculpture in gardens is part of a long tradition dating back at least to antiquity, the sculptures themselves are often overlooked, both in the history of art and in the history of the garden.

This considers the changing relationship between sculpture and gardens over the last three centuries, focusing on four British archetypes: the Georgian landscape garden, the Victorian urban park, the outdoor spaces of twentieth- century modernism and the late- twentieth- century Sculpture Park.

Through the contemporaneous of gardens, the social, political and gendered message revealed by sculpture’s placement and suggests that the garden can itself be a sculptural landscape.

A definition of Sculptural Landscapes can be understood through Suzanne Biaggi artwork:

"I stand at a distance and see what my work is about when a piece is completed. When I am in the process of working on something I function on a non-verbal level.

The thread that connects my work is about searching for a reality that I sense but do not consciously perceive; it asks questions about relationship.

My medium is monuental stone. I collaborate with the stones… choosing areas where I alter the stone.

In doing this I attempt to create a harmony between the alteration and the original stone to add a new history to the old.

Simultaneously while altering the stone, I am also using the same process in "preparing" the site/environment. The sculpture and environment become one/inseparable."

Sculptural Landscapes can specialize in unique site specific landscape projects. Its philosophy is to analyze each site noting the elements that will affect the design/installation such as its history, intended use, existing elements, architectural direction and exposure.

This indirectly potrays that Sculptural Landscape are created from many elements which are built from surrounding factors and the combination created has ause it to be accepted as a garden decoration sculpture

D. Landscape

Landscape is an art of three-dimensional space. Landscape composition is an intermediate environmental plan with the feature of natural beauty, not sheer plan composition or elevation composition.

Therefore, landscape composition should take advantage of topography, landform, natural composition, greening vegetation, and adopt the environment dominated by the outdoor spaces and interpenetrating with indoor spaces to create landscape.

Landscape means the artificial or natural view and scenery, and is the spatial environment featuring the natural beauty for the purpose of rest and admiration.

All scenes share the common features of learning from nature, imitating nature and excelling nature. It caters for people’s rest and admiration, with the spatial image and color in conformity with the rules of landscape composition, including such environment elements as sound, smell, taste and time.

The landscape creation means to create artificially a kind of scenic spots with certain function and specific artistic artistic conception. Artificial landscape creating should be planned and designed according to the property, function, scale and the local conditions.

Criteria for landscape are:

i.   The clean environment, fresh air and unpolluted water sould ensure

ii   Noise should be controlled

iii  Transportation should be convenient, the amenities should e sound,beautiful and quiet en   environment should be available relaxion and amusement.

iv. The architechtures suitable for providing shelter from wind and rain, offering facilfacilities  for relaxation, dining and sightseeing.

Landcapes can be categorized into the following types according to the levels of spatial distance:

i.    The close view refers to the individual landscape with small area.

ii.   The medium view refers to the landscape that can be reached by the eyesight.

iii.  The panorama refers to the whole landscape in an area.

iv. The distant view refers to the landscapes extending to the far distance and correcorresponding to the landscape in vast area.

E. Landscape Design

The landscape design is in need of satisfying the need for the static admiration. The viewpoint and the locations of the scene remain unchanged. Landscape designs are expected to be formally desireable.

The formal beauty of landscape design refers to the natural properties of the perceptual materials and their combined rules, existing in nature and social life. Those natural properties bear colors, shapes and sounds. The natural features of the perceptual materials of formal beauty are colors, shapes and sounds.

All the landscapes, large or small consist of main landscape and secondary landscape. The landscapes playing dominant role are called “main landscape”. One main landscape is the kernel and focus of the whole landscape, and often presents the main function or theme and is the focus of visual control.

The main landscape includes two meanings according to the spaces where it located. One is the primary landscape of the whole landscape; the other is the main landscape of the partial space divided by the crucial landscape elements.

The secondary landscapes play the role contrast. They can give prominence to the main landscape. In one space, we can observe the main landscape from all the directions and positions, while all secondary landscape in the range of main landscape space become the main scenic focal points. Therefore the main landscape and the secondary landscape bring out the best in each other.

F. Plural Landscapes

The word landscape comes from the Dutch word landschap, from land (directly equivalent to the English word land) also the suffix - schap, corresponding to the English suffix "- ship".

Landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists were on the verge of becoming masters of the landscape art genre.

The Dutch word landschap had earlier meant simply 'region, tract of land' but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of 'a picture depicting scenery on land'. The English word is not recorded as used for physical landscapes before 1725.

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including physical elements such as landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like lighting and weather conditions, and human elements like human activity and the built environment.

i. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including alall the objects it contains.

ii. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being th the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water. etc.

ii. The pictorial aspect of a country.

iii. (printing) a mode of printing where the horizontal sides are longer then the vertical  sidesides

v. A space, indoor or outdoor and natural or man- made (as in 'designed landscape')

G. Landscaping Art

Landscape design is similar to landscape architecture. It focuses more on the artistic merits of design, while landscape architecture encompasses the artistic design as well as structural engineering.

Landscape design is almost synonymous with garden design. Landscape architecture and landscape design can, and should, embrace garden design, landscape management, landscape engineering, landscape detailing, landscape urbanism, landscape assessment and landscape planning.

Landscape architecture and landscape design are almost the same, if done properly according to the science, knowledge and skill that should be utilized.

Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor and public spaces to achieve environmental, socio- behavioral, and/or aesthetic outcomes.

Landscape architecture is a collaboration of the landscape and everything in it-buildings and structures, peopel, streets and walkways,open space,social spaces and functional spaces.

It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome.

The scope of the profession includes urban design,site planning, town or urban planning, environmental restoration, parks and recreation planning; green infrastructure planning and provision, all at varying scales of design, planning and management.

H. Public Park

Public Park is parks which are built by local anthorities as a place of recreation for the people and recreational place as a family for free of charge. Today many parks as mentioned above are built in our country. It collaborates the landscapes, art and architecture in making these parks.

Some of the criterias which are needed to created a Public Park.

i. Soft Landscape

Soft Landscape as cooler for a garden. Soft Landscape are elements which are defined as landscape elements that has natural characteristic.It can be represented with many different categories and types of plants.

The elements in soft landscape basically more prone to be used as decoration at the Public Garden. The consist of decorative plants and some plants that provide shade. Besider that, other plants are also incorporated for example water plants, creepers orchids and other seasonal plants.

The decorative plants which are mentioned consist of plants which are short bushy and also some exotic plants.

Decorative plants are defined as plants that as uniqueness in the terms of colour smell, shape, size and its flowers. These plants are also including plants that like on land, potted plants, hanging plants and plants that live in water. Meanwhile, plants that provide shade which are big trees from the overstory tree or the medium trees understory trees. These trees functions to provide shade and also provide a root system which provide more support to a particular area.

Palms are also very synonym as plants that provide shade. Palms are plant species which is the simplest that is in the palmae category.Due to this, palms are widely accepted as local landscape.

ii. Hard Landscape

Hard Landscape is made creation which ideas are obtained from the surrounding. These are the products of decorative designing in a certain additional element which acts as unity in a creation of garden design. Currently in many public garden the influence of hard landscape are widely being used to capture people’s attention.

Hard landscape consists of gazebos which are designed to provide shade for its users. The users can also performs they prayers and relax in these gazebos.

The existence of pergolas, wakafs or gazebos which are created by using motives that are taken from flora wood carving in particular vegetables such as spinach, kangkung, nuts and flowers shows the capabilities of the own art of carving.

As for pergolas, it is designed as pathway for the users and at the same time creating a support system for the creeping plants. Normally pergolas are made from concrete column beams and attractive design of wood.

Whereas bollards are created using small beams which are designed to avoid vehicles from entering particular areas.  The usage bollards are restricted for pedestrians only.  Bollards can be made from concrete or hard surfaced like concrete, tiles and others.

Besides that one other element in hardscapes are sculptures. Sculptures are usually created to introduce certain places of interest like tradition or the origin of a place.  Sculptures can be made from concrete or wood.

In whole, the hardscapes functions to provide amenities and comfort for its users.

The criteria set by the authorities in sustaining a recreational area is by portraying a wholesome landscaped beautiful area, informational, user friendly and equipped with all basic amenities.

Since it was introduced, it indirectly has created an influence to the public to lead a healthy social life.

Nevertheless, these great public recreational areas needs a huge sum of allocations for the high maintenance processes for example the up keeping of plants, basic amenities and the maintenance of infrastructures used by the public.

I.   Sculpture Garden

A sculpture garden is an outdoor garden dedicated to the presentation of sculpture,usually several permanently- sited works in durable materials in landscaped surroundings.

Some cities own large numbers of  Public Sculptures, some of which they may present together in city parks.

A sculpture garden may be:

i. private

iii. owned by a museum and accessible freely or for a fee

iii. public and accessible to all.

Exhibits range from :

i. individual /artist

ii. traditional sculptures

iii. large site- specificinstallations

The terms of garden are:

A plot of land used for the cultivation of flowers, vegetables, herbs, or fruit.The gardens grounds laid out with flowers, trees, and ornamental shrubs and used for recreation or display. Often used in the plural: public gardens; a botanical garden.It can be a yard or lawn,a fertile, well- cultivated region,an open- air establishment where refreshments are served or a large public auditorium or arena.

The earliest surviving detailed garden plan is Egyptian and dates from about 1400 BC; it shows tree- lined avenues and rectangular ponds. Mesopotamian gardens were places where shade and cool water could be enjoyed; Hellenistic gardens were conspicuously luxurious in their display of precious materials, a tradition carried over by Byzantine gardens.

Islamic gardens made use of water, often in pools and fed by narrow canals resembling irrigation channels. In Renaissance Europe, gardens reflected confidence in human ability to impose order on the external world; Italian gardens emphasized the unity of house and garden. French 17th- century gardens were rigidly symmetrical, and French cultural dominance in Europe popularized this style into the next century.

In 18th-century England, increasing awareness of the natural world led to the development of "natural" gardens that made use of irregular, nonsymmetrical layouts. Chinese gardens have generally harmonized with the natural landscape, and have employed rocks gathered from great distances as a universal decorative feature. Early Japanese gardens imitated Chinese principles; later developments were the abstract garden, which might feature only sand and rocks, and miniature gardens made in trays.

During this era, it was found that many sculptures which are abstracts are used to decorate the gardens.

J.  Landscape Scuptures

Landscape Scuptures is the integration of nature and the landscape to express how natural forces interact with forms, figure, and the human creative spirit. These "Landscape Sculptures" provide a Feng Shui addition for the purpose of adding a garden accent in order to "move and lift the energy" of natural spaces.

"The element of nature’s free form spirit that shapes and distorts things to its own liking has inspired my creative research and observations. By emulating and refining these time honored forces of wind, rain and sun bleached textures, plus natural patina, I have learned to employ these elements towards my own original forming process to control and produce three dimensional sculpture that have proved to be successful. Through this kind of exploration I discovered a source enabling me to create many original concepts."

2.1.3 In Whole Summary

In whole, all the above elements are linked to each other.  For example, the role of a sculptures is to provide balance to the landscape which are filled with softness and at the same time it creates conceptual variations in the elements of art.

Sculptures which are located in the gardens directly creates an unification with landscape and thus maintains the Public Art concept particularly Sculpture in Landscape.

This reasons out that the creations which are created using the elements of art emphasises the sculpture concepts and it is based on the Public Art.

Same as it is shown when the usage of landscape elements which are based on the art elements and transformed to the environment than Environmental Art is being produced.  The combination of art concepts and landscape creations produces a variety of landscape art creation but at the same time maintaining the aspects of art values.

Chapter 3

3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 Research Design

To implement the above research, the researcher will be using the following methodology;

i.   to collect all sculpture that can be associated with the meaning of sculptural landscape

ii.  to categorize the collection into different types

iii. to analyze each sculptural category

iv. to conclude the finding as a guide to construct the researcher idea of sculptural landscape.

Chapter 4

4.1 Data Collection & Category

4.11 Objective 1 & 2

To collect & to categorize of Sculpture landscape into different types and analyzing

4.1.2 Categories & Collections

i. Sculpture

i. Public Sculpture

Public Sculpture refers to public art that is exposed in a public space, either an outdoor location or in a publicly accessible building.

Public Sculpture that a work art is located in the public domain. It is certain type of art as site- specific art is; specific sculpture which has been designed specifically for a certain location.

Public Sculpture is one of many elements constituting to a comprehensive urban context and would be an effective tool to project or manifest a certain aspect of culture or contemporary issue in society.

The symbolism and manifestation found on public sculpture give clear evidence of its rich characteristics and may leads to healthy public criticism and discourses.

Public Sculpture being a benchmark for the future recreational activities and settings. Instigating the idea of Public Sculpture as beneficial in terms of possessing positive recreational values through promoting healthy lifestyle and utilizing Public Sculpture as alternatives in society's recreational activities.

ii. Kinetic Sculpture

Kinetic sculptures are sculptures that are designed to move, which include Mobiles. The term kinetic sculpture refers to a class of art made primarily from the late 1950s through 1960s. Kinetic art was first recorded by the sculptors Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner in 1920 in Moscow. "Bicycle Wheel," of 1913, by Marcel Duchamp, is said to be the first kinetic sculpture.

It involves aspects of physical motion.Kinetic art is art that contains moving parts or depends on motion for its effect.The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a motor or the observer.

iii. Freestanding Sculpture

Freestanding refers a sculpture standing alone, usually on a pedestal or base.The sculpture is surrounded on all sides, except the base, by space. It is also known as sculpture in the round and is meant to be viewed from any angle. The sculptures inspired by nature, these one-of- a-kind freestanding sculptures seek to connect us with the beautiful and awesome forms of life.

Freestanding sculptures are those which stand on their own. Either they stand on the floor or hang from the wall. They are usually but not always large scale.

iv. Replica

A replica is a copy that is relatively indistinguishable from the original. It often used for historical purposes, such as being placed in a museum. Sometimes the original never existed.

Definition of "replica" has emerged that defines one as a copy of an original object, that can only be made by the original company of the firm that made the original object or any other sort of copy of an original object would be called a "reproduction" instead.

However, replicas have often been used illegally for forgery, counterfeits, fakes especially of money and coins, but also commercial merchandise such as designer label clothing, luxury bags & accessories, and others.

v. Symbolism

Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent things such as ideas and emotions. Symbolism is sometimes used to refer specifically to totemic symbols that stand on their own, as opposed to linguistic symbols.

 “In psychoanalysis, envisioned symbols as being not of the mind, but rather the mind's capacity to hold information”(Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung)

Symbolism is mostly believed to be a relatively recent development in human evolution.

The human mind uses symbols to form free association, organization, and connections between symbols. Symbolism is important to religion. Some religious oracles divine by interpreting symbols. Symbolism described religion as a system of sacred religious symbolism.(Max Weber )

vi. Statue

Statue is a sculpture in the round representing a person or persons, an animal, or an event, normally full- length, as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life- size, or larger. Statue can be the figure of a person or animal, or an imagined or abstract form, carved in stone, wood, etc., modeled in a plastic substance, or cast in plaster, bronze, etc., esp. when done in the round rather than in relief.

Its primary concern is representational.Statues are built on commission to commemorate a historical event, or the life of an influential person.

Many statues are intended as public art, exhibited outdoors or in public buildings for the edification of passers-by, with a larger magnitude than normal words could ever have for the common man.

The likeness of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid substance, as marble, bronze, or wax.

vii. Monument

In English  the word "monumental" is often used in reference to something of extraordinary size.

The term monumentality relates to the symbolic status and physical presence of a monument.

Basicly,the term monumental sculpture is often used in art history and criticism, but not always consistently. (Peter and Linda Murray )

“The most perfect monument of ancient art and even in ruins an imposing and soul-stirring object” (Baedeker, 1889)

Monuments have been created for thousands of years, and they are often the most durable and famous symbols of ancient civilizations.

A monument is a type of structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past events.

It combines two concepts, one of function, and one of size, and may include an element of a third more subjective concept. It is often used for all sculptures that are large.

Human figures that are perhaps half life-size or above would usually be considered monumental in this sense by art historians,although in contemporary art a rather larger overall scale is implied.

Monumental sculpture is therefore distinguished from small portable figurines, small metal or ivory reliefs, diptychs and the like.It is also used of sculpture used to create or form part of a monument of some sort, and therefore capitals and reliefs attached to buildings will be included, even if small in size.

Monuments are also often designed to convey historical information. They can be used to educate the populace about important events or figures from the past..The social meanings of monuments are rarely fixed and certain and are frequently 'contested' by different social groups.

viii. Artifact

An artifact  is any object made or modified by a human. The object recovered by some archaeological endeavor, which may have a cultural  interest.

" Art is a set of artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication." (Steve Mithen)

Artifact are :

i. An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament ofof archaeological or historical interest.

ii. An artificial product or effect observed in a natural system, especially one introduced byby the technology used in scientific investigation or by experimental error.

Artifacts can come from any archaeological context  or source such as:

i) Buried  along with a body .

ii) From any feature  such as a midden  or other domestic setting

Artifacts are distinguished from the main body of the archaeological record such as stratigraphic   features , which are non- portable remains of human activity, such as hearths , roads , or deposits and remains, and from biofacts  or ecofacts, which are objects of archaeological interest made by other organisms, such as seeds or animal  bone .

ix. Environmental Sculpture

Environmental sculpture can be called land art as well as environmental art. Land art will also be called environmental art because the term environmental has gotten a broader and shifted meaning. It used to mean a specific surroundings, which could indeed be an environment like that of a dumpsite. But its definition has evolved towards an awareness of our natural environment and our preservational responsibilities concerning it.

The work becomes one with its surroundings, while at the same time it distinguishes itself from it.

The surroundings reflect in the work. There have been and still are, various other terms used, like earth art and landworks.

It can be said that land art points outwards and manifests itself, while environmental art is more introvert. Most works are meant to be permanent. Their permanence varies, depending on various factors - environmental, as well as human factors.

x. Installation Art

Installation art displays three-dimensional works designed to transform the perception of a space. Installation artworks have been constructed in exhibition spaces such as museums and galleries, as well as public- and private spaces. Installation art can be either temporary or permanent. Many installations art are designed to only exist in the space for which they were created.

xi. Stone Sculpture

Stone sculpture is the result of forming 3 dimensional visually interesting objects from stone.

Carving stone into sculpture is an activity older than civilization itself. Prehistoric sculptures were usually human forms, such as the Venus of Willendorf and the faceless statues of the Cycladic cultures of ancient Greece.

Stone carving is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, evidence can be found that even the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work.

Later cultures devised animal, human- animal and abstract forms in stone.

xii. Landscape Sculpture

Landscape Sculptures is the integration of nature and the landscape to express how natural forces interact with forms, figure, and the human creative spirit.

It is the intention of these pieces to depict the movement of energy as action, motion, and even implied motion.

The elements of natures free form spirit that shapes and distorts things to its own liking has inspired the creative research and observations. By emulating and refining these time honored forces of wind, rain and sun bleached textures, plus natural patina, these elements towards the original forming process to control and produce three dimensional sculpture that have proved to be successful. Through this kind of exploration may discovered a source  to create many original concepts.

xiii. Snow Sculpture

Snow sculpture is the most practiced outdoors art activity and often in full view of spectators, thus giving it kinship to performance art  in the eyes of some.

Snow sculptures are usually carved out of a single block of snow about 6 to 15 feet (4.6 m) on each side and weighing about 20 - 30 tons.

The snow is densely packed into a form after having been produced by artificial means or collected from the ground after a snowfall.

xiv. Sound Sculpture

Sound sculpture produces sound or, less often, the reverse. It comes from multimedia artform where, as the name suggests as a sculpture.

Most often sound sculpture artists were primarily either visual artists or composers, not having started out directly making sound sculpture.

Sound sculptures take the form of indoor sound installations, outdoor installations such as aeolian harps, automatons, or be more or less near conventional musical instruments. Sound sculpture is often site specific.

xv. Ice Sculpture

Ice sculpture is a form of sculpture that uses ice as the raw material. Sculptures from ice can be abstract or realistic and can be functional or purely decorative. Ice sculptures are generally associated with special or extravagant events because of their limited lifetime.

Sculpting ice presents a number of difficulties due to the variability and volatility of the material. Ice may be sculpted in a wide range of temperatures and the characteristics of the ice will change according to its temperature as well as the surrounding temperatures.

Sculptures are generally carved from blocks of ice and these blocks must be carefully selected to be suitable for the sculptor's purposes and should be free of undesired impurities. Typically, ideal carving ice is made from pure, clean water.

However, clear, transparent ice is a result of the freezing process and not necessarily related to the purity of the water. Clear ice blocks are usually the result of slow freezing from one direction, often with circulation of the water that allows impurities to escape.

The water molecules are allowed to line up into the typical crystal lattice while impurities remain in the unfrozen water. Certain machines and processes allow for slow freezing and the removal of impurities and therefore are able to produce the clear blocks of ice that are favored by ice carvers.

However, not all blocks that are carved are clear ice. White ice blocks look like snow and are sometimes carved. Colored ice blocks are produced by adding dyes to the ice and can be carved as well. In some instances, clear ice and colored ice are combined to create a desired effect

xvi. Garden Sculpture

Garden sculpture is intended to enhance or compliment a garden or outdoor setting. The predominant garden types in the ancient world were domestic gardens and sacred gardens.

During the renaissance these same statues were excavated and re- placed in gardens. Sculpture then became an aspect of art and gardens have been a favoured location for displaying outdoor works of art.

xvii. Sand Sculpture

Sand sculpting as an art form has become very popular in recent years especially in coastal beach areas. Sand art is the practice of modelling sand into an artistic form, such as a sand sculpture, sandpainting, or sand bottles.A sand castle is a type of sand sculpture resembling a miniature building, often a castle.   Some sandcastle artists using no artificial materials, formwork, coloring, adhesive or heavy machinery.

Techniques can be quite sophisticated, and record-breaking achievements have been noted in the Guinness World Records. Sometimes contests are staged as advertising or promotional events.

xviii. Functional Sculpture

In the Egyptian conception of art, there was no reason for sculpture to be separated from practical function as the, "intention behind Egyptian art is functional. There is no room for fantasy,".

The functionalism in sculptural history simultaneously produced and was produced by the art "theory" of the times.

This is particularly due to the fact that up until the Age of Enlightenment, artists were the prime authors of treatises on art.  Among those ancient texts that dealt with sculpture were those by Polykleitor and Euphranor, both sculptors themselves.

xix. Ceramic Sculpture

The word ceramic comes from the Greek word  keramikos meaning pottery. The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials. A ceramic is an inorganic, non- metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic may be used as an adjective describing a material, product or process; or as a singular noun, or, more commonly, as a plural noun, ceramics.

Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous.Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non- crystalline glasses.

Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and art objects.

xx. Artistic Sculpture

Definitions of artistic :

i. relating to or characteristic of art or artists; "his artistic background"

ii. satisfying aesthetic standards and sensibilities; "artistic workmanship"

iii. aesthetic: aesthetically pleasing; "an artistic flower arrangement"

Most basically, sculpture can be defined as an artistic medium in so much as it acts as a mode of communication through which the artist emotionally and intellectually expresses himself to the audience.

"Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.The second and more recent sense of the word art is as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art."(Rwandan)

Artistic works include "graphic works", such as paintings, drawings, diagrams, maps, charts, plans, engravings, etchings, lithographs, woodcuts and similar works, as well as photographs, sculpture, collages, buildings and models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship.

xxi. Fountain

Fountain from the Latin word  "fons" or "fontis", a source or spring is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air either to supply drinking water or for decorative or dramatic effect. The sculpture is designed with moving water.

Fountains may be wall fountains or free-standing. In fountains sheets of water may flow over varied surfaces of stone, concrete or metal.

Many fountains are located in small, artificial, ornamental ponds, basins and formal garden pools, and often they include sculpture.

The art of fountains reached its peak in the fountains of the palaces of Moorish Spain in the 14th century; in the Italian Renaissance garden in the 15th and 16th century; in the fountains of the Gardens of Versailles in the seventeenth century; and the decorative fountains of Rome in the seventeenth and eighteenth century.

Until the 20th century fountains depended upon gravity to make water spout or spray in the air, but modern fountains can use mechancial pumps.

Fountains today may be practical, such as drinking fountains and village fountains which provide clean drinking water; or designed for recreation, such as splash fountains, where residents can cool off in summer; or ornamental, decorating city parks and squares and home gardens.

xxii. Sculptural Landscape

Sculptural Landscape is create by shaping stone or wood or any other hard material.The art or practice of shaping figures or designs in the round or in relief, as by chiseling marble, modeling clay, or casting in metal.

ii. Landscape Garden

i. Traditional Landscape

Plate i: Malay Landscape

Plate ii: Bali Landscape

Plate iii: Japan Garden

ii. Contemporary Landscape Garden

Plate i. Relaxing Landscape Garden

Plate ii. Retro Garden

iii. Others Garden

Plate i: Tropica Landscape Garden

Plate ii: Nusantara Landscape Garden

Plate iii: Islamic Garden

iii. Sculpture Garden

Plate i: Artist/Individual Sculpture

Plate ii:  Traditional Sculpture

Plate iii: Large site- specificinstallations

iv. Sculpture Park

v. Theme Park

Plate i. Family Park

Plate ii. Extreme Park

4.1.3 Data Analysis & Objective 3

A. Traditional Landscape

i. Malay Landscape Garden

The strength in creating the styles in Malay. Based on the arrangement of decorative plants.Kitchen plants and fruit trees that are planted neatly together with construction of other gardens which mainly made from wood.

The front lawn is usually left freely a big space  without any obstruction for our eyes and usually this area is used to conduct many activities.

To add more beauty to this lawn, decorative flowering plants with different sizes, motifs and shaped with bright colours also with nice odour are chosen.

This can be completed with a combination of short plants which are bushy, less bushy and the least bushy.

The hardscape elements for relaxation includes:

i. Wakaf, sleeping platforms, pergolas, earthenwares, guri and wooden swing.

ii. In the sides coconut trees, betel-nut tree and other appropriate fruit trees can be planted.

iii. Kitchen plants are planted at the rear area of the lawn.

ii. Bali Landscape Garden

The Balinese style emphasis more on:

i.   Plants that is bushy, dense and green when being viewed

ii. Trees are let to grow freely and bushy but arranged.  If it is arranged neatly than it will notnot show the nature.

The Balinese style also emphasis:

i. Element of water in the designing of example earthenware containing water which is filfilled with fish, water lily or the flow of water falls from the stones that flows along the ri river which is created to show the way of Balinese people.

ii. Other than that, the main gate gapura and ornaments like wood carvings, vases, eartearthenware, guri, decorative panels are also used as decoration.

iii. Japan Landscape Garden

Highly skilled workers are needed to design Traditional Japanese Garden but a good Japanese Garden can be designed after doing some research on it.  The Japanese style needs low maintenance but this need some expertise.

Important elements in Japanese Garden are:

i. Stone, waterfall and trees that creates certain symbols makes its more unique compared to other gardens which are influenced by ancient history Shinto, Buddha and Tao that gives the feeling of life to these gardens.

ii. The bamboo plant is a must because it is the identity for a Japanese Garden.

iii. Ornaments for Japanese Garden are also important.  However, big and heavy ornaornaments need not be put in the gardens.  It is essential by just putting a decorative lamplamp (hanging or stone), rattan furnitures, bamboo accessories and earthenwares.

iv. Hardscape elements for example the existence of wood, pebbles and sand should be incluincluded to create a Japanese Garden.

v.  The construction of tea house, bridges and the unique garden lamp designed would creatcreate a calm ambience forever.

Different styles can be designed in different parts of the yard.  This eventually will save a lot of time to be used at rear part of the yard.

B. Contemporary Landscape Garden

Contemporary Garden Landscape type for example Lounge Garden Landsca[e and Retro Style Garden Landscape uses sculpture of vase shapes which are relief plants motifs.

As for garden which that portrays the concept of ‘peacefulness and calmness’, the Lounge Garden Landsca[e and Retro Style Garden Landscape can categorised as the most appropriate gardens which uses diverse elements and simplified creation which are from the aesthetic value backgrounds.

“They have connection between are and feelings which are “surfaces, colour, wickerwork, light and shadow, tones for high and low quality, vocal and consonants, fast and slow movements – these are all that exhibits quality – quality – is the ‘symbol of potential feeling’ and others are pert illusion structures which are created: (Susanne K. Langer)

Modern style and classical influence are treated in new concepts to make it fresh and this indirectly functions as relaxation and lounge relaxation.  The combination of new and old creations which are treated in the modern form has made these two gardens to be categorised as the Contemporary Landscape Garden.

C. Others Garden

There are three categories which are based on the function, creation and concept creation:

i. Tropica Landscape Garden

Elements for this garden are:

i. soil mound

Created to provide a topographical dynamic effect.  The uneven soil surface planted with Philipines Grass provides a natural tropical garden effect compared to other gardens.

ii. water feature

The pond concept are build in accordance to nature which is the tropical forest concept.  It alos equipped with light which will show upwards to show the effects of water squirting from the pond during the night.  On the other hand, the sound from the water would create calmness for all the visitors.

iii. type of tree

Trees that are compulsory to be planted in this garden are trees from the tropical climate like the coconut tree and palm tree.  Other than that, tree like Ficus Heliconia, psittacorum, Orthosiphon,Cuphea hyssopifolia and Podocarpus can be planted surrounding the garden as decoration. These plants are let to grow wildly to portray the natural forest around the garden.

iv. gazebo

Build using the wood element or bamboo following the tropical forest concept.  While the place to sit simenfero table and chair in the form of wood and stone which are located facing the pond. Surrounding it stepping stones are arranged in the form of wood or stone to portray the forest concept.  Meanwhile, decorative plants along the fences with large rocks to portray the neutral image and originality of tropical forest garden which is not polluted.

ii. Nusantara Garden Landscape

The basic elements for this garden are:

i. Softscape

This garden combines the Balinese Garden and Tropical Garden creation.  Thus the trees which are used are from the palm and helicornia species.  Meanwhile the Philipines grass are also used in this garden.

ii. Hardscape

Hardscape used is gazebo which is taken from the Balinese Garden with the arrangement of space which is classical.  However, the design created in this gazebo are decorated with carving influenced from Bali.

Other than that, decorative vases and pond decors are used as sculptures which are taken from animal and plant motifs which are realistic.  However the usage of artificial rocks are used to fence up the decorative plants which are available aroung the walking pavement which uses stepping slab which is directed towards the pond and gazebo.

iii. Islamic Landscape Garden

Islamic Garden Landscape emphasis more on simple palm decorative plants for example Phoenix spp and other short decorative plants like Iris to provide a soft scenery effect.

As for hardscape, the wakafs’ are built as shelter or resting areas where large rocks are arrange alongside of the decorative plants. The resting place that is used for the Tropical Landscape Garden are from the gazebo type that is decorated with stepping stones along with a mini pond which has a Balinese concept.

Whereas, the Islamic Landscape Garden uses gazebo that is the shape of a musolah which faces the kiblat (direction of Mecca). This is used as a function for prayers as well as a place for resting.

The basic princiapals for this garden are:

i.  balance

ii.  moderate

iii.  axis

iv. water and smell

Instilling the centre area as the focal point by building a pond based on the design in Western Asia countries.  The same design is developed by building floor slab around it. Whereas the walking pavement is connected in all direction, which is from the car park, centre door and rear

The symmetrical arrangement creates a more balanced mood.  The building of gazebo or wakaf and by providing other amenities such as fan, curtain, lights and water because other than a place for relaxation, visitors can utilise this garden as a place of worship.

As for soft landscape, Phoenis Palma trees and Philipines grass are essential based on the basic principal.  The Islamic Garden also emphasise in moderation.

D. Sculpture Garden

Gardens with sculptures are referred to where the sculptures are placed by the artists or individuals depending on its theme.  Most sculptures are placed in accordance with abstract styles.

Abstract refers to “the abstraction work process which is closely related in making symbols and the usage of symbols is given more recognition in the abstraction of certain elements.  The abstracts are closely related to what is to be achieved in the end, and it is seen in the eyes of the artistic produce, science and in whole can be understood through the meaning which is quoted”.( Langer)

Many sculptures which are created in the Garden Sculpture with a variety of designs furthermore there are some in the form of abstract which are created without modifying the original look of the sculpture.  These sculptures portray a symbolic image in certain themes which are directed to the viewers. It depends on the planned concepts through the combination of scultures and the nature.

This indirectly creates an amazing feeling among viewers towards these sculptures which are situated next to each other.

The various designs of sculptures in terms of materials and the surrounding decorative plants is the main pillar which creates and interesting and no sated surrounding.

In a different aspect, the selection of colours are matched with the surrounding which is cheerful and most comfortable other than making the viewer amazed with the appearance portrayed by the sculptures.

There are two categories which are based on the function, creation and concept creation:

i. artists / individuals

The objective of creating a sculpture is to introduce the sculpture art to the people while some a created in accordance to certain symbols and this indirectly creates a new dimension in their own image and at the same time introducing it to the people.

In Europe, many exhibitions which are held in special areas requires the visitors to pay an entrance fee, but in Malaysia visitors can view it free of charge except for the sculptures which are exhibited in the galleries.

ii. Traditional Sculptures

There are sculptures in the Sculpture Garden which exhibits a traditional outlook and portrays their own culture.  These sculptures are created by artists and craftsman to introduce their own identity in a certain area which is related to their own culture.

Sculptures which are mortified from animals, plants and figurative motifs would create sculptures that are unique through the philosophical value which is carried by it.  The objective of the sculpture creation is to introduce the traditional sculptures to the visitors other than promoting the local culture as a tourist attraction.

iii. Large site- specificinstallations

The exhibiton of these sculptures is to instill the sculpture design which is seen as more greater in the context of creation and larger space which is taken up.

Many types of materials are used in making a sculpture.  For example the above sculpture is surrounded by a variety of flowering plants and this indirectly creates an unification between the sculpture with nature.

From the point of design, the arrangement of different sizes of stones which are arranged surrounding it one on top of the other creates an element of movement likewise a floor design which portrays the image of contemporary concept from an ancient creation.

E. Sculpture Park

As we all know, the sculptures in Sculpture Parks which are used as exhibition centers have sculpture with artisitic shapes which portrats or symbolises an organisation which need to be shown to the visitors.

However most of the shapes that are discovered are abstracrt or semi abstract.

For example, as seen the Petronas sculpture which portrays the shape of a whale and dolphin which is semi abstract in front of the KLCC Tower. This indirectly show that Petronas is a renowned organisation which gives emphasis in technology and largest producer of petroleum, however Petronas is determined in dignifying and promoting the art image as a centre of attraction for the people to view and understand its function and objective of this organisation.

On the other hand, many sculptures which are created in the Sculpture Park are made in large area where it portrats the function of the certain place.

The sculpture shape of a stone monument like in Tanjung Piai and ancient clock replicate which is arranged into a futuristic image like in National Planetarium which is composed with a very clear shape which is a fine tuning image in the contemporary shaped design.

This sculpture was created as reference source and premonition for an important place which indirectly creates an interactrion between the patrons about the historical values, symbols, objective and direction of the organisation.

From the technical aspect of creation, sculptures in the Sculpture Parks are made in a shape which is not so realistic even though using a scale which is bigger, however it still appears with formal characteristics which are composed artistically to create a calmed surrounding to the visitors who patronise the garden taking into account and emphasising the safety aspects.

There are two categories which are based on the function, creation and concept creation:

i. as an exhibition place

In Malaysia, these sculptures many are placed in the main lobbies of commercial buildings.  It refers to the vision of a certain organisation in reaching their goals which is potrayed to the visitors through the different semi abstract shapes, artistic and some are created in futuristic form.  Usually the sculptures are created based on the theme which is intended.

ii. as tourist attraction

Other than that, many sculptures from Sculpture Park are created in public recreational area in our country.  It is an effort from the local municipal councils.  Sculptures are designed in such a way that it can attract the attention of people.

In addition it symbolises the local culture which are portrayed through the creation which are locally mortified.  In Malaysia, most of the said sculptures are created based on the motive shapes from plants, earthenware jars and also animals.

Besides functioning as a tourists attraction, sculptures are created to promote the tourism sector to the outside world.

F.  Theme Park

Sculptures play an important role in the creation of Theme Parks. Themes Parks in Malaysia for example Sunway Lagoon, Tropical Village, Desa Water Park, Bukit Merah Lake Town and Wet World Water Park uses sculptures as a main centre of attraction in all their theme parks.

There are two categories which are based on the function, creation and concept creation:

i. Family Park

The creation of attractive sculptures in the artistic form with the combination of modern technology makes the parks so popular and liked by many people and age.

Albert Einstein has told that “The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science."

This is because the sculptures that are made play its own role in creating a joyful and exciting surrounding without going through difficult turbulations.

“Hubungan semulajadi antara kualiti sensorial dan perasaan, yang mana pertaliannya di kawal bahasa oleh perkembangan ‘akar- metafora,’ juga ditentu oleh perletakan fungsi material sensual dalam seni.”

The sculptures made according to plants and animals shapes even abstract shapes which are funny, scary and virtual creates a totally new experience which is hard to forget by visitors.  Nevertheles this makes the sculptures so unique and it is not found in any Theme Parks.

ii.Extreme Park
As for Extreme Parks, the sculptures build like the stone carving and stone replica can create a new challenge to visitors and at the same time with its function as a place to conduct streanous activities. However, this park is not suitable for certain age group due to safety reasons.

Chapter 5

5.1 Finding

5.1.1 Landscape Garden

Landscape Garden which are traditionally designed relates the creation from philosophies which are seen and unseen in. For example, Malay Landscape Garden uses many values from the teaching of Islam as the foundation in the making of the Malay landscape, the decors and arrangement are confined to the front, middle and rear area.

From the point of soft landscape creation, the Malay landscape has maintained the basic characteristics and for ease by using plants that are beneficial as food and medicine for example pokok daun sirih, pokok dukung anak,  pokok gelenggang,serai, pandan, halia, cekur, lengkuas, pokok kari, limau purut, kantan, senohong, selum, pegaga, pokok misai kucing and many more.

For decoration purpose, the Malay Landscape has used many plants that has the capability to touch the hearts of many that sees them.  Example of those plants are "Janda Merana" (Salix Babylonica), pokok Janda Kaya (Mussaendra) and many others which not only being used for decorative purpose but relates a heart warming story to the visitors.

As for the hardscape landscape making, the Malay landscape uses the surrounding elements such as using wood to make a hut for shelter and at the same time the centre beam which is made high and the shedding low so that there will be good flow of air.

Bali garden is different compared to Malay landscape because of the usage of kejur hardcape whereby the Bali landscape uses more sculptures which are motifs from animals and plants.

This point is clearly stated in the Feng Shui tips given for gardens:

"Penempatan patung akan baik bila bentuk dan karakter patung tersebut memiliki makna dan simbolisasi sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Misalnya saja, jangan menaruh arca atau patung yang menyimbolkan kekerasan ataupun banyak membawa senjata.

Untuk tujuan kehidupan cinta, patung cupid atau dewa asmara dapat diletakkan pada taman, namun perhatikan bahwa sebaiknya arah busur tidak mengarah pada rumah ataupun kamar. Penempatan patung yang merupakan simbol agama tertentu juga perlu diperhatikan.Penempatan patung sejenis perlu mendapat posisi yang 'spesial' yaitu tempatkanlah di area yang  relatif lebih tinggi dari sekitar taman, dan janganlah ditempatkan di dekat area wc/kamar mandi.

Fitur kolam menjadi favorit banyak pemilik taman pada rumah, karena memberikan energi dinamis yang memberikan aliran keuntungan, namun perlu diperhatikan untuk tidak menempatkan fitur kolam ini di area api karena jelas akan memadamkan energi api, terkecuali unsur diri seseorang memiliki interaksi negatif dengan api, maka menempatkan air di sektor ini akan mengurangi dampak buruk dari unsur tersebut.

Untuk mencegah stagnansi fitur air ini, boleh ditempatkan pompa yang berguna baik menjadi filter ataupun memompa air menjadi air mancur kecil dan terbatas, hindarkan air mancur ataupun dekor aliran air pada dinding batu yang mengalir terlalu deras dan menimbulkan bunyi terlampau keras, bahkan terdengar dari ujung lain sebuah rumah, karena ketimbang memberikan pengaruh positif, bunyi dan aliran yang kelewat keras akan merusak energi dari taman/rumah. Untuk dekorasi aliran air, lebih baik gunakan dekor berjenjang agar air turun secara bertahap dengan lebih lembut.

Bebatuan besar dan juga taburan batu mewakili unsur tanah, bebatuan besar juga diketahui dapat menjadi simbolisasi penahan kekayaan, agar bertahan dalam sebuah lahan. Diketahui ada praktisi yang sengaja menempatkan batu besar di area pintu rumah bagian belakang sebagai penahan aliran kemakmuran.

Bentuk patung yang baik guna ditempatkan pada area belakang rumah antara lain patung kura-kura, patung katak berkaki tiga, patung pasangan yang melambangkan cinta, patung ikan menyemburkan air, patung berpose meditasi, patung dewa cinta, patung sepasang angsa, dan patung bentuk hewan yang melambangkan shio (dalam pose yang tenang dan tidak mengancam".

Decorations originated from plants and animals are the main characteristics for the Balinese concept for example decorative vases, walls, water fountains and small ponds.  It is also available in combination with garden and water fountain ponds.  Some popular Balinese ponds are Nusa Dua, Kuta, Sanur and Bedugul.

As for the soft landscapes the availability of plants like the wild banana tree species Musa Velutina (pink banana) and pokok Kemuning are capable enough to compensate for the peaceful scenery landscape.

Other than the Kemuning tree, flowers like bunga Melur, Seri Gading dan Jasmine are suitable for Balinese landscape.  The kiambang and keladi bunting in the pond are prominent in portraying the Balinese concept while the small pebbles are arranged surrounding outer pond to create a glorious look of the garden. .This can make the yard a perfect resting area while hearing the sound from the flowing water.  The Balinese garden are almost the same as the Japanese garden landscape.

The making of Japanese garden requires the hardscape and most important are the stones, waterfall, rattan, wood, pebbles and earthenware which makes it unique compared to other gardens.

As for Garden Landscape which are themed with other concepts like Tropica Garden Landscape and Nusantara Garden Landscape is more prone to Balinese garden concepts whereas Islamic Garden Landscape is not so different compared to Malay yard concepts.

The area arrangement for example soft landscape for Tropical Garden Landscape uses many decorative plants from the forest for example Helicornia, Kesinai, Ficus dan Podocarpus which are purposely being made to creep wildly in certain areas.

i.  ASEAN Sculpture Garden

Just below the National Monument is the Asean Sculpture Garden where a collection of prize- winning sculptures by some of the finest artists in the ASEAN region are dispalyed within a landscaped garden.

Theme of the Original Sculptures are:

i) Thailand - Progress by Itthi Khongkhakul

ii) Malaysia - Growth by Syed Ahmad Jamal

iii) Singapore - Towards Peace by Han Sai Por

v) Indonesia - The Gate of Harmony by Dolorosa Sinaga

vi) Brunei - The ASEAN Dance by Abu Bakar bin Abdul Rahman

vii) Phillippines - Barong barong by Jerusalino V Araos

5.1.3 Sculpture Park

In Malaysia there are many Sculpture Park which are seen. Namely:

i. National Monument

National Monument was located in the capital, Kuala Lumpur nearby the Parliament building.It also know as the Malaysian National Monument was ready on 8th February 1966 to honour more than elevem thousand soldiers who died in the:

• First World War (1914-1918)

• Second World War (1939-1945)

• Emergency (1948-1960).

The original national monument was not the one in the form of human figures but was a cenotaph that was situated in the middle of a roundabout. The British administration set up the first monument, a 10m flat grass-covered ground to commemorate the wars and honour the fallen heroes from World War I, World War II and the Malayan Emergency.

It was moved to the present site during the construction of a flyover in 1964 connecting Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin and the Parliament roundabout. Therefore the original name for Jalan Tugu, where the Tugu Negara is currently situated, was Cenotaph Road.

The monument was mooted by Malaysia's first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj and was commissioned in 1963.

The huge tall bronze figures of soldiers standing and supporting their fallen comrades, which is opposite Lake Gardens, are the work of sculptor Felix de Weldon, who also did Washington’s Iwo Jima Monument and it is regarded as the largest bronze monument grouping in the world.

The Tugu Negara was completed and officially opened on February 8, 1966, by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It was proclaimed a memorial park dedicated to the 11,000 people who died during the 12-year Malayan Emergency (1948-1960). Thereafter, a wreath-laying ceremony takes place at the monument every July 31 on Warriors Day.

Constructed in 1966, the monument is 15 meters (49.21 feet) tall, made of bronze and was designed by Austrian sculptor Felix de Weldon, who was also responsible for the famed USMC War Memorial in Virginia, United States.

The granite base of the monument bears the old coat of arms of Malaysia, flanked on either side by inscriptions in English with Roman script and Malay with Jawi script:

"Dedicated to the heroic fighters in the cause of peace and freedom,

May the blessing of Allah be upon them"

On 27 August 1975, the monument suffered extensive damage due to an explosion set off by a communist terrorist. But the communist had denied their involvement and instead alleged it was the work of the government itself to damage the monument in order to rationalize the rebuilding of the monument statues which was perceived of having statues of the Caucasians to resemble the looks of  Malaysians to avoid being alleged racist and any embarrassment on the government part by blaming the communist. It has since been restored to its original state with the new looks on 11 May 1977. A fence was then erected and the complex was declared a protected area between sunset and dawn. Every day at dawn, a soldier raises the national flag and lowers it at dusk.

ii. Petronas KLCC

The park was designed by Roberto Burle Marx. It is said that it was the last work undertaken by the Brazilian architect.When the park was designed, the aim was to "leave the world a little more sensitive and a little more educated to the importance of nature".

The park was designed to showcase a heritage of tropical greenery by integrating man's creation with nature. The park itself contrasts as a calm environment in the midst of the hustle and bustle of the city.

The park features many combinations of man-made design such as cements, water features and also natural features such as trees, shrubs, stones and wood. Elements of shape and topography were created to give an illusion of space. The combination of trees, shrubs and sculptures were arranged to provide color and form to the park.

A man made lake was built in the middle of the park, directly in front of Suria KLCC mall and Petronas Twin Towers towards the middle of the park. A 43 meter elevated bridge that cut across the lake provides a vantage view of the park and the twin towers.

The 50-acre tropical landscape in the heart of the KLCC development provides an urban sanctuary for all. The public park reflects the tropical greenery, vibrant colours and patterns of the country's rich cultural heritage while its calm setting help dissipate the tensions of city living.

The green space of the KLCC Park are carefully contrived to dispel the notion of the garden as a static creation. The order imposed by Burle Marx's art transforms the natural topography into an art form.It features various amenities such as a two-acre children's playground, symphony fountain, wading pool, jogging track, shelters and benches, patterned foot-paths and sculptures.

Another striking feature of the park is the Lake Symphony which comprises two water fountains. Located at the esplanade outside Suria KLCC, the Lake Symphony is programmed to provide 150 magical dramatic animations. The total effect is a light hearted and gregarious atmosphere.

iii. Tanjung Piai, Johor

Tanjung Piai is also known as The Southernmost Tip of Mainland Asia. Tanjung Piai is named after this fern locally known as ‘Paku Piai’. It is a type of fern that can live in saline conditions. Tanjung Piai is also home to many species of mangrove plants and species of animals.

Before becoming a national park , it was part of Sg Pulai Mangrove Forest Reserve under Forestry Department PM. Johor National Parks Corporations was established under the JNPC Enactment 1989 to manage NPs in Johor. Tanjung Piai approved by Johor State Government as a Johor National Park in 1997.

Ecological survey was conducted by Wetlands International- Malaysia in 2001. In 2002, the park is open to the public. The park was declared a Ramsar Site on 31 Jan 2003. Finally, it was gazetted as a Johor National Park on 26 Feb 2004.

iv. National Planetarium Sculpture

The National Planetarium started as the Planetarium Division in the Prime Minister's Department in 1989. The construction of the National Planetarium complex began in 1990 and was completed in 1993. A soft launch to the public began in May 1993 and it was officially opened by the former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, on 7 February 1994. In July 1995, after one and a half year of smooth operation, the Division was transferred to the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment.

The objective of the planetarium is to educate the general public about space exploration, our solar system and the field of astronomy through the exhibits and shows in this facility.Taking three years to build, the National Planetarium complex houses a tilted dome theatre at its very heart. The unique design of the theatre posed a great challenge to the project architects, engineers and building contractors. The exacting requirements of the planetarium and the large-format film projectors posed even more formidable challenges. Many difficulties had to be overcome and it took two years for all equipment and exhibits to be completely commissioned.

In spite of the difficulties, the National Planetarium has been able to carry out several successful educational projects with public schools and the public. Now the National Planetarium plays a crucial role in promoting space science to society at large and leading Malaysia towards the development of space science.

Nevertheless, it has a nice sculpture at the small park at its main entrance that symbolises space and time. Time is potrayed by the sculpture's smooth flowing lines while space is depicted by the position of the spheres representing the planets. As a tribute to the pioneer astronomist of years who were mostly Arabian, the Arabic numbers denotes men's endevour in understanding the universe.

5.1.4 Theme Park

i. Family Park

The example Theme Park in Malaysia are :

i. Tropical Village

Tropical Village offers the visitors escape from the bustle of the towns and cities to enjoy the attractive idyllic tranquillity of a typical Malaysian village in this Drive- in Mini World Theme Park.

This Theme Park is divided into mini world landmarks, leisure corners, playground and agricultural enclosure. Visitors can discover the fascinating blends of tropical handicrafts & figures fashioned from wood and concrete for photography buffs while tasting local cuisine.

Tropical Village is conveniently located at about 90km along the main trunk road from Johor Bahru to Air Hitam. It is also about 4 1/2 km after the Macap Toll Station on the one side.

The type of sculpture are :

• Hollywood  Stone Font

• World's Largest Hobby Horses

• Tower of Kuwait

• A' Farmosa Malacca

• Brussels Atomium

• Giant Statues of Easter Island

• Windmill of Holland

• Lady Liberty of USA

• Olmer Head of Mexico

• Dragon Terrace

• Grand Pyramid and Sphinx of Egypt

• Mermaid of Copenhagen

• Malay Cultural

• Leaning Tower of Pisa

• Lion Staircase of Sri Lanka

• Great Wall of China

• Taj Mahal of India

• Eiffel Tower of Paris

• Sleeping Buddha

• Smiling Buddha

• Playground

i. Bougainvillea Park

Escape from the hustle of city life to this peaceful garden. Wander along the paths and breath in the air filled with the fragrance of blooms, or relax under the shape of giant flower shelters. The visitors enjoy the cool atmosphere around the cascading waterfall and watch the golden-red carps glide in the waters.

ii. Romantic Corner

Tranquil and peaceful, this is the perfect place for loving couples. Great rocks and stone with poems and words of romance quard this garden while a lover's seat and a pair of graceful swans prove popular for wedding photographs

iii. Garden of Shy Monkey

This lush tropical garden harbours plants and flowers of multiple colors, closely resembling that of a brilliant rainbow. Visitors can trample down the colorful footpath or just rest under a couple of over-  sized toadstools.

iv. Basket of Fruits Playground

Slide down a banana, hide in a pineapple, rock on a honey-    melon or relax in the comfort of a giant mangosteen. This is a child's heaven of activity and fun in this playground of tropical fruits.

v. Orchid Nursery

The visitors can learn how the orchid is carefully grown in this nursery entirely dedicated for this cause. Discover the different species of orchids and personally experience their simple beauty and elegance.

vi.  Pet Corner

Taste the sweet delights of having a pet. Feed the goats, gaze at the monkeys or simply listen to the birds tweeter their melodious serenade. Learn and experience the wonder of these furry creatures which provide comfort and warmth as our close friends.

vii. Lumber Park

Deep within this forested area, hides structures of sawed up lumber. Peaceful and tranquil, it overlook the crystal waters of fishing ponds, the ideal resting place for courting couples

viii. Oriental Island

This tiny island rests at the heart of a shimmering lake. Bombarded with flowers of radiant hues of color and countless butterflies, this paradise is a sight behold. A pavilion ensures a cool retreat while an old fisherman sits patiently waiting for a bite.

Leisure Corner

i. Haunted House

Enter the world of the dead and sprit in this ghostly haunted house. In every corner of this house of terror lurks unseen ghosts and monsters, waiting to pounce and capture.

ii. Dinosaur Train Ride

Take back to the Stone Age days on board a choo- choo train. Track across an ancient fossil, go right into the heart of an erupting volcano, witness a friendly Stegosaurs feeding and watch a fiercesome fight between two tyrannosaurs

iii. Magic Mirrors

For fun and laughter, come to the house of magic mirrors and be tickled pink by the distorted reflections.These images will tickle a funny bone and should not be missed for those who are out for a good laugh.

iv. Pony Ride

Experience the joy and trill of being able to ride on one of the old modes of transport- the pony.

v. Boat Paddling

Spend a cool afternoon with family paddling on a boat in a tranquil lake. Go under a wooden bridge, surround a tiny paradise island or simply paddle around in the waters. These is a sure way of having an exciting activity for the whole family.

ii. Sunway Lagoon

Sunway Lagoon is Malaysia's Premier Theme Park and has become the most visited tourist destination in the country. It officially opened on April 29, 1993 by Prime Minister YAB Dato' Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad,

Sunway Lagoon is strategically located in the township of Bandar Sunway in Petaling Jaya. The Lagoon draws fun seekers from all over with its reputation as a fascinating land of fun and excitement.

Sunway Lagoon is separated into 5 major themed lands, each boasting their own exciting attractions. Find entertainment, adventure and excitement all in place.

Sunway Lagoon, being part of Malaysia's first fully- integrated themed resort - Sunway Lagoon Resort, offers visitors the conveniece of a 5-star hotel, a grand shopping mall right next door and other ultra- modern facilities like:

i. Water Park

ii. Amusement Park

iii. Extreme Park

iv) Wildlife Park

v) Scream Park

ii. Wet World Shah Alam

Wet World is known as Malaysia's largest water theme park chain, promising an unforgettable family- oriented thrilling experience of fun and adventure. It located about 25km from city center of Kuala Lumpur. It attracts visitors with comprehensive range of exhilarating theme rides, attractions, restaurants and recreational facilities for all ages.

It has three venues in Malaysia, strategically located at:

i. Wet World Shah Alam, Selangor

ii. Wet World Batu Pahat, Johor

iii. Wet World Air Panas, Pedas, Negeri Sembilan.

As a professional water theme park operator, it also offers consultancy services ranging from conceptual design, feasibility study, site planning, equipment supplier, construction to the daily management and operational aspects pertaining to such recreation and entertainment business.

iii. Bukit Merah Lake Town

It was the Malaysia's largest 7,000- acre freshwater lake, the resort is only a 3 hours' drive from Kuala Lumpur and easily reached just off the Bukit Merah toll exit along the North- South Expressway.

Being one of Malaysia's premier eco- tourism destination in the northern region, the resort offers a wide variety of excitement with its Waterpark being the main attraction, the only conservational Orang Utan Island in Peninsular Malaysia and the unique Eco Park with its educational walk-   in enclosures, where visitors can experience nature by interacting with some friendly animals.

Bukit Merah Laketown Resort offers a variety of accommodation all at one location. From hotel rooms to serviced apartments, as well as the luxurious 'Kampung' chalets by the lake. For the more adventurous, visitors can even try out a camping holiday at the lakeside camping ground.

iv) Desa Water Park

Desa Water Park, a family water theme park, is wholly owned and managed by Amat Muhibah Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Berjaya Land Berhad.

It opened its doors to the public in late July 1998. It is registered with the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism Malaysia as a Tourism Project under the Investment Incentive Act 1986.

Desa Water Park offers a wide range of excellent facilities, colorfull and water- based rides fun slides and to name a few: Super Tube, Splash Out, Bubble Pool, Shock Wave, Surf Shack and many more. The thundebolt is one of the longest uphill water rollercoasters in Asia.

Desa Water Park is a family entertainment part that boasts of an exciting variety of water rides and slides. It also houses the longest Master Blaster in Asia the “Thunderbolt”. A place where we can enjoy the thrills and spills of the heart thumping adrenaline rush of the most fascinating water theme park.

The theme parks which are available here are:

i.   Buble Pool

ii.   Riple Bay

iii.   Shock Wave

iv.   Super Tube

v.    Tarzan In Town                  

vi.    Surf Shack

vii.   Thunderbolt

viiii.   Baby Wave

ix.       Water Factory

x.   Pink Slide

xi.       Clown a Roud

xii.     Action River

v.  Genting Highland

Genting Highlands is located 2000m above sea level and it is the peak of the Titiwangsa series and it is a prominent tourist attraction in Malaysia.  It crosses the borders of the Pahang and Selangor state.  The journey from Kuala Lumpur to Genting Highlands takes about and hour or we can arrive at he peak by taking the fastest cable in the world.

The Genting Highland Resort is also known as the Malaysia’s Las Vegas because it is here the one and only casino which is operating legally in Malaysia.

This resort was built by Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong.  The casino is administered by Genting Group.  For vacation purposes there are a few hotels under the sister companies including Genting Hotel, Highland Hotel, Resorts Hotel. Theme Park Hotel, Awana Genting and First World Hotel.

First World Hotel has 6,118 rooms which makes it the currently biggest hotel in the world that beat MGM Grand Las Vegas which was holding on to the record for the largest hotel in the world with 6,118 rooms.  Other amenities such as theme park, golf course, shopping centres, sky diving stimulator, concert hall and many others are available in this vacation place.  A 100 million year old forest also is placed in this vacation place.

There is also a computer system outside the First World Hotel which has the capability to count automatically the number of left parking lots which are available in the four following hotels:

i) Genting Hotel

ii) Highland Hotel

iii) First World Hotel

v) Resorts Hotel

vi. Cosmo's World Theme Park

Cosmo's World Theme Park is celebrated for being the largest indoor park in Malaysia, perhaps in Asia. Sited on Level 5 of Berjaya Times Square in Kuala Lumpur, the amusement park is envisioned as the 'largest indoor, all weather, all ages, entertainment destination in the region'. It is spread over an area of 380,000 square feet and has separate theme parks for adults and children, namely Galaxy Station and Fantasy Garden.

It's for sure that each section has a rich assortment of entertainment and rides. In all there are 14 rides, and out of them 4 are thrill rides which have been exclusively designed and manufactured for Cosmo's World. The Galaxy Station, which offers rides for adults and children over 13, has some exciting attractions, like Supersonic Odyssey roller coaster, Spinning Orbit, DNA Mixer, Ooort's Express, Dizzy Izzy, and Space Attack.

It offers 8 unhurried rides basically for kids and families, in its colorful Garden Avenue. The major fun rides available in this section are Crazy Bus, Buddy Go Round, Flying Bumble Bee, Botanic Drive, Molly-Cool's Swing, Fantasy Trail, Robo Crash, and Honey Bump. There are amenities, like the 'Kidz Theatre' and party rooms for birthdays etc, in this section. In short, Cosmo's World Theme Park is a great place to chill out, amidst plethora of amenities and fun-filled rides.

ii. Extreme Park

Extreme (also called extreme sports, xtreme sports, action sports and adventure sports) are a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger or difficulty and often involving speed, height, a high level of physical exertion, and highly specialized gear or spectacular stunts.

Extreme Sports are often associated with various youth subcultures. Extreme Sports are arguably no more "extreme" than traditional activities played at a high level.

The few generalizations that can be made about extreme sports is that they are almost always individual instead of team activities and that they often focus on performing tricks or stunts

A park means an area of land set aside for public use, as:

i. A piece of land with few or no buildings within or adjoining a town, maintained for rerefor recreational and ornamental purposes.

ii. A landscaped city square.

iii. A large tract of rural land kept in its natural state and usually reserved for the enjoymenjoyment and recreation of visitors

Extreme Park is dedicated to motorized and outdoor adventure sports within a place for all outdoor and adrenalin- seeking visitors.

The park covers some features on assortment of thrills and heart pumping adventures like:

i. Go-Kart

ii. All Terrain Vehicle (ATV)

iii. Dirt karts

v. Rock climbing.

Extreme Park is poised to become the leading outdoor activity.

The park's development features a number of permanent outdoor sports activities with focus on motorized and adventures.

The activities page highlights the disciplines that are currently offered at the park.

Extreme Parks that are available in Malaysia:

i. Shah Alam Extreme Park

A famous extreme park in Selangor is located in Section 13, Shah Alam.  This place is a hit among teenagers to spend time for relaxing and recreation because of the strategic location which also near by the sports curve near Shah Alam and Melawati Stadium, Aquatic Centre and the Mini Stadium.

Other than that, it is also located near to the shopping complex which is the Section 13 Giant and Tesco Hypermarket and it is considered a food haven for teenagers because of the availability of many fast food restaurants like Pizza Hut, Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken.

Other than fast food restaurants there are many other selection of food from Rafi Bistro, Pelaga and Zul Restaurant which are applicable for those teenagers searching for food around the Extreme Park.

This extreme parks is also an attraction not only for the teenagers who lives in Selangor but also from other states to help extreme sports activities like skateboarding, wall climbing, BMX and inline skating to go through training and sharpen their skills.

Teenagers involved in these extreme sports as far from state of Kedah and Johor also play in this extreme park.  The breathtaking acitivities and stunts which are showed by them during training creates an interest of those teenagers who come to watch the event.

Besides that through a written interview with those who patronise during the night they said that the Extreme Park is their choice because of the availability of fast food restaurants which are operating around the clock in this area.

Extreme Park which is always brightly lit and always have patrons is seen as an ideal place for the teenagers to spend time and relax.

Besides, in the weekends, teenagers who love the extreme sports like skateboard, BMX and wall climbing can play until dawn.

This is mainly because the management of Extreme Park which is Hikers Climber Adventure Team Sdn. Bhd. Were given the mandate by the Shah Alam Town Council to manage the place without closing it and the flood lights lit till 6.00 in the morning so that the teenagers could play till they drop.

In conclusion, the creation of Extreme Park creates many benefits to the local communities in particular the teenagers because many activities can be done in that are especially during night furthermore with the existence of many undergraduates from the public and private universities.  The Shah Alam town is a non sleeping town which attracts many teenagers to spend their time in this park without leaving a negative image about their activities by the local community.

Chapter 6

6.1 The Making

The outcome from the analysis done is used as referral source to create a work of art.

After conducting analysis on sculptures with landscape, the information outcome and research findings are gathered as a benchmark in creating this sculpture artwork.  The findings from this research, it is found that the sculptures are combined with the landscape which contain unique characteristics in creating a balancing function between sculptures and landscape.

Different from public sculpture, the sculptures in landscape not only functions as a décor in a garden but it creates an image and sends messages to the people in a more personal method.

Malay civilisation refers to a group of ethnic which originates from the same source, have same basic living and only different from the aspect of influence by the surroundings.

According to Malay Language Wikipedia, the word Melayu is defines as those who speak the bahasa Melayu and lives with the Malay traditions.

This definition is based on the principal of language, culture and Islamic religion.  Based on the Constituion of Malaysia, the term “Melayu” refers to an individual from the Malay ethnicity and Islam believer.

As for the Khat art, it is developed from the influence of Islamic art, this development clearly portrayed on the wall carvings and buildings which portrays the Islamic civilisation in the Malay world. The writing and declarations which are carved decorate the corners and certain places to glorify the greatness of Allah SWT.,

The declarations from Allah SWT, Muhammad, Bismillah and the verses from the holy Al-Quran are manifested in various forms of khat writing like Kufi, Farsi, Daiwani ( Diwani ), Tuluth, Naskhi ( Nashk ), Andalusia, Qairawani and others.  The carvings are also developed with the combination of flora and calligraphic motifs.

So it is not astonishing that many types of calligraphic carvings decorate the mosque and their house, also the palaces of the Malay Kings at that point of time.  In addition mosques and houses of the malay community have also being influence by this aspects. Calligraphy are carved or written on the doors, windows and certain places where it can constantly remind the Malay people about the greatness of Allah SWT.

The work of art is not only function as a decoration on the creation but also seen as a level of skill and achievement of the thinking of Malays at that time.  The art work of Malays which are created indirectly portrays value and the thinking philosophy of the Malays through the symbols which are shown in their own work of art.

6.2. Concept, Idea and Form

6.2.1 Concept

Designing local landscapes in harmony with lslamic Principles/Teaching

6.2.2 Idea

i. Islamic Garden

An Islamic garden is a landscape designed according to certain ideological principles, employing certain physical elements, and focused on certain intentions. The articulation of these elements and intentions is deeply rooted in the teachings of the Islamic faith and in the culture of the Muslim people.

An influential in developing the homogeneous thinking of the designers of the typical Islamic gardens of the Middle East were earlier civilizations, the arid environment, and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad.

The second influential source of design ideas was the desert environment itself, which affects every aspect of life. The climate of the region is characterized by high average temperature, high solar impact, strong wind, and fierce sandstorms. Ultimately, the lack of sufficient water is the limiting factor in design.

The last source of design ideas in an Islamic gardens is found in what Muslims call Al-Sunnah, which may be translated as "the traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad," comprising what he said, did, and accepted in the customs and practices of other cultures.

ii. Typical elements of the Islamic garden

The traditional Islamic gardens included certain shared design elements. The most common were enclosing walls, water features, trees and flowers, and extensive use of the arabesque, the Islamic geometric decoration. These gardens were planned in axial rectangular patterns of simplicity, clarity, discipline, and delicacy not to be found elsewhere during that time.

Many traditional gardens were surrounded by walls and/or a cluster of buildings. This inward- looking composition is interpreted in different ways by different scholars: as an attempt to isolate human- made order from the perceived chaos of the surrounding desert, to insulate the garden's inmates from the harsh desert environment and/or from the dust and pollution of the adjacent streets, to emphasize the privacy of the family and of its female members in particular, and to display a modest and humble exterior to the passing world.

Creswell (1968) sees the clustering of walls, buildings, and tall trees as a prerequisite for the privacy needed to develop the hidden qualities of the spirit. Lesiuk (1980), on the other hand, notes that enclosing the earthly garden with walls and buildings is a metaphoric gesture recalling its heavenly archetype; the surrounding desert on the outside represents desiccation and death, while within are flowers, fruits, shade, water and life.

The second design element of the Islamic garden was water. The innovative use of water in the Alhambra later was imitated and enriched by many European designers throughout the Western world (ElAraby 1972). To the nomads of the Arabian deserts, designing with water was in almost unbelievable contrast to their original arid environment. Their application of water as a design element was quite imaginative and highly colorful. Water played many roles within the garden design, emphasizing architectural elements, masking outdoor noise, producing pleasing sounds, irrigating plants, moisturizing and cooling the hot dry microclimate, soothing the dusty wind, and providing a source for ablutions before prayers. The scarcity of water and the difficulty of bringing it to the garden compelled Muslim designers to develop efficient methods of irrigation and to embrace a high regard for water as the indispensable support of life.

Another important design element in the Islamic garden was plants. The Muslims inherited a superb vocabulary of trees, shrubs, and flowers from the civilizations that preceded them. Poplars and cypresses gave climatological protection. Elms, willows, and oaks gave shade in summer and let the sun shine through in winter. In order to alleviate the problems of turbulence caused by walls, tall narrow- leafed-cypresses were added to filter the dust and to reduce windspeed within the garden. These were planted across the entire east and west sides and thus cast shadows across the whole garden throughout the day. Pines were used as a large-scale contrast. Animals, introduced to give animation to the garden, included swans, pheasants, pigeons, ducks and singing birds.

Citrus trees were treasured for their fruit and perfumed flowers. Fruit trees, in general, had a very high priority in the overall design scheme. They provided not only food and daytime color but also a canopy over the courtyard at night. This canopy restricted re- radiation losses from below and thus effectively trapped cool air. Traditional designers circulated this cool air from the garden through the house, thereby creating a natural cooling system.

iii. The dual paradigm

In contrast to the modern Western garden, which customarily is a place for extrovert show, the Islamic garden often is introverted, more a mental and spiritual exercise than an exercise in display, as Brookes (1987) noted:

But beneath the superficial delights of the Islamic garden lies a far deeper significance: in Islam no pleasure is taken at random; each is part of greater unity, every individual aspect of Truth links laterally with other aspects and can be analyzed individually to discover its relevance within the whole.

The designer of the historic Islamic garden is a product of an age of reason based on faith (Hitti 1966). In Islam, absolute belief in God meant, by extension, a belief in the seen, including the unity of humanity and the continuity of the message, and a belief in the unseen, including the music of the spheres, in which God and men and nature exist in harmony.

iv. The concept of diversity

As in the theme and style of the Qur'an, the Islamic garden contains constant interplay between the real and the ideal, practicality and fantasy, the physical and the metaphysical, the tangible and the symbolic, and the natural and the urban. And as in most other forms of Islamic art, one finds a melding of science and art, of light and shadow, and a clear yet limitless space for imagination and freedom of the soul. This richness highlights another lesson of design, the simplicity underlying diversity, as noted by Moore (1988):

And the apparently limitless patterns are ingenious variations on very simple themes: the five thousand pieces of stucco in the Hall of the Two Sisters are of only eleven patterns, based on just four plane shapes. Beneath all the diversities of surface are just the seven possible frieze symmetries and the seventeen possible wallpaper symmetries.

In brief, the compositional message of the typical Islamic garden is that intricacy is more pleasing if based on order, and that diversity is more satisfying if it is attained through an element of unity.

v. The concept of beauty

Although Islam has serious reservations about making a divine image of statuary, it has always stressed beauty and aesthetic qualities as aspects of faith itself. Muslims produced numerous arts, ranging from that of dress and interior decoration to music and poetry. These were integrated into life rather than being a separate activity or product (Nasr 1988).

Beauty, scenic quality, and other sensory values are not a luxury to the Islamic mind. "God is beautiful and loves beauty," is a saying of the Prophet Muhammad. This notion is reflected in many design decisions. Beauty without arrogance is a value rooted in the Islamic culture. Thus, the interiors of private homes and public buildings can be decorated to the highest levels of sophistication, while the exterior walls traditionally were plain, austere, simple. This contrast is a physical manifestation of an important moral teaching of Islam regarding the inner richness of the soul and the humble appearance of the body.

vi. The concept of conservation

Water is a life-sustaining resource, and the Islamic garden designer treated it as such. Recognizing how limited such a natural resource is in the arid lands, he always used it with restraint. As an aesthetic element, it is not used as a gushing, spraying fountain but as a gentle, single, thin jet of water making soft, trickling sounds.Moore (1988) :

The opulent play of overlaid patterns loses none of its luster when we discern the almost Spartan rigor behind all this complexity: There is really very little water, for instance, and a careful placement of the nozzles makes the most of every drop.

In brief, the emphasis is on the economical, but always aesthetic, use of water.

vii. The concept of contextuality

To Muslim designers, contextuality is a two-sided issue. Architects and planners do not site their buildings, gardens, or any other development in an empty space where they are free to do whatever they like. Instead, they are reacting. Each design has to fit into two environments: the natural and the urban, the God-made and the man- made. If a Muslim designer disrespects the former he will be a sinner, and if he disregards the latter his action will be considered evidence of a lack of civility.

viii. The concept of individualism

Islam requires that each individual stand on his own merit, find his own truth, and be responsible directly to God. There is no intermediary in this process. No saints, no clergymen, no prophets can help much beyond passing a message. This is true for most Islamic schools of thought. Individuals must make their decisions alone. Given such an attitude, the individuality of ideas and actions within an overall commonalty of purpose is pervasive. The bearing of all this on garden design and planning is both direct and obvious; the right decision in one development seldom can be transplanted directly to another development in another setting. Jellicoe (1975)

ix. The concept of multiple use

The typical Islamic garden is a life-sustaining oasis, benefiting humans, birds, and animals. It is an orchard/garden, growing fruits and often aromatic herbs for human consumption. Its trees provide food, water, and resting places for birds, and its walls may contain dovecotes. It provides water for all kinds of creatures. In short, it is as useful and productive as it is beautiful (Llewellyn 1983).

On the whole, the Islamic concept of open space planning is an inseparable component of mixed- use built form. The functions may be combined hierarchically but they ultimately have to produce an organized complex of great internal clarity to accommodate such activities as movement, formal and informal gathering, prayer and meditation, individual and group learning, orientation and identification, and active and passive recreation (Skidmore and others 1981).

x. The concept of moderation

The Islamic garden portrays an equilibrium of both the rational and the natural.The Muslim designer reached out to a more balanced and newly synthesized position. Echoing the Qur'anic teaching of "we have indeed created you a middle nation," his effort was focused on seeking the Truth, the Way and the Divine Law anywhere they could be found.

In the mind of Muslim designers and craftsmen, any impressive patterns, traditional appearances, or attractive artifacts. As Hill (1964) notes:

The craftsmen of a thousand years ago worked towards some definite goal -- the completion of the Qur'an in honor of God, of a mausoleum in honor of their family or some such worthy object. Today the modern artist often fails when any commission for a modern decoration is given in that he simply works for himself, by himself and within himself, however much he may deny this.

Islamic garden design was important both because of its own solutions of many great environmental problems and because it became the great architecture than others.

The Islamic gardens may provide new insights and fresh inspiration. They also may illustrate how people in different times and places have successfully related to arid and semiarid environments and how they have coexisted and thrived on the land.

6.2.3 Form

i. Malay Identity

In identification of the elements that is seen in the Malay landscape we must refer to the influence of culture in the creation of landscaped.  With this we can get a basic picture of the elements in the creation of the landscapes.  Based on research, the traditional Malay landscape is the complex creation of landscape.  This is due to their beliefs, thinking and Malays cultural thinking.  In reference to those three aspects it is relevant with their culture and lifestyle of the Malay comunity in the past.

The lifestyle of Malays to balance and create a Malay Malay landscape that has symbolism elements (culture, beliefs and metaphysical) and function.  These two elements has close relationship because the existence of a Malay Malay landscape element is based on symbolism which is highlighted.  So, these elements could influence the elements which are contained in the Malay Landscape architecture and would form its own identity and character.  The image and identity refers to the important element in landscape architecture.

ii. Malay Cultural In Malay Landscape

These are the elements which forms characters in Malay Landscape architecture which can be divided into the following:

i. Culture (principal)

In this context, it is related to the cultural customs and practices in the lifestyle of the Malay community.  Other than that, it is also closely related with the lifestyle and activities which are done around the housing areas.  Basically it can be said that these elements refers to the principals which are followed and used by a certain community.  Landscape elements cannot stand by itself without any meaning or explanations which are present in a landscape.  It has to be explained based on the meanings and principal of the Malay community.  These principals clearly influences the landscape element which are present around the houses and moulds the own characters.

i. Relaxation platform or Sleeping Platform

The Malay community usually does activities outside their houses. These activities are usually done either under the houses or around their houses.  For the activities which are done in their houses usually are related with guest and also sleeping areas.  Sleeping platforms or pangkin  are usually used to rest and also for housewives to do daily activities like mat pleating, ketupat pleating and other activities.  The action of Malay community to relax on the pangkin is related to the Malay culture.  The pangkin is also used as a discussion platform for the Malay community while waiting to clean themselves up after a hard days work at the paddy field.  This action is suitable with Islamic concept that is practised by the Malay community which emphasis on cleanliness and seeking a livelihood.

ii. Earthenware and Guri

Earthenwares are used to store water for drinking and cooking purposes.  Whereas, guri are kept in the front and stairways that lead to their houses to be used to store water to wash their feet before entering their houses.  The cleanliness aspect is emphasised in the Malay community because they are followers of the Islamic religion.

iii. Coops and Bird Cages

Chicken coops and bird cages are some of the activities done by the Malay community.  In those days, the Malay community usually have essential household products and it is suitable with the Malays attitude to be thrifty and moderate.  The breeding done is for their own need of food and at the same time to keep them occupied. Chicken and birds that are bred will be the source of food because the Malays follows the principal of “kais pagi makan pagi, kais petang makan petang”.

iv Shed

Before Shed are used to store firewood.  However now it has been expanded and it use to store things and also used to repair other household items.

ii. Malay Landscape Elements

i. Flexible

Verandas in front of houses are the first area in the Malay Landscape arrangement.  The front area usually consists of a wide veranda.  The area has sand and without any grass or rubbish.  The veranda are made wide to function as a place for rituals and community activities.  Usually activities which are held are weddings and traditional games such as top spinning, galah panjang, silat and many others.  The flowering plants that are planted in vases are arranged surrounding the veranda.  The reason to plant flowering plants in pots is facilitate the movement of these pants.  This would ease the movement and it will be easier to conduct the above said activities.

ii. Function

Plant cannot be taken off the Malay community.  It has a close relationship with their lives which includes their culture and lifestyle. The functionof the plants can be divided into two (Malay civilisation Ismail Hussien et. Al., 1995)

i. Direct uses

i.main source of food

ii. basic needs and household products

iii. traditional medicine

iv. cosmetic plants

v. weapon and poisonous substances

ii. Indirect uses

Enrich the literature treasures

• The mystical power which contain in the rhyming quatrain with inner assonance, songs, terms, and cultural rituals

i. Aesthetic

It is part of the Malay art form.  In this aspect, aesthetic refers to the values and feelings for something which is beautiful, separated from its function and the influence is more towards the art aspects. The Malay art forms can be found in many forms for example sculpturing art, metal art, rhyming quatrain with inner assonance and many other artistic activities.

This statement is made humbly  and it suitable with the Malays humble attitude.  This is proved in the Malay missal entitled Syair Burung Pungguk.  On the other hand rhyming quatrain with inner assonance are also used to visualise nature metaphore for example trees, flowers, animals, sea and rivers.  The use of illustrations in rhyming quatrain with inner assonance shows an aesthetic illustration by Malay community.  This shows that there is a bond between nature and human which is appropriate with the statement in Malay cosmology which related with god, nature and human.

ii. Colour elements

The role of colours in malay traditional landscape is very important as to decorate the veranda area of a house.  The usage of colours in decorating veranda landscapes is to attract the attention and further enhance the house beauty.  This is proved with the usage of pudding plant as decoration.  The pudding plant is used because of the leaves that have many colours and does not change according to seasons.  These plants are easily obtained and maintained. Other trees can also be used namely pokok siantan, pokok kemboja, kenanga, cempaka, melati and others.

iii. Scale

The scale and size of trees are important in the traditional Malay landscape.  Trees are arranged according to sizes and this influence the arrangement of the pots.  The usage of pots are part of the element from Malay Landscape and this proofs that the influence of size in the traditional landcape are.  Normally the bigger trees are kept at the brim of the veranda so that it covers the area and the other smaller plants.

iii. Arrangements

According to its scale and size the Malay Landscape portrays that there is arrangement involved in placing of trees.  Other than that, the arrangement of plants is influenced by the function of the plants and its need in the area and human.  The Malay community uses nature at most as a tool, cooking substance, medicine, cultural tool, food and others.  So, trees are planted according to its needs in the surrounding so that it is easily used.  In the Malay community, the surrounding of a house can be divided into a few areas namely the front, side and rear area.

6.3 Process

6.3.1 Pictorial References

National Planetarium

National Mosque

Shah Alam Mosque

Putrajaya Mosque

6.3.2 Early Sketches

Picture 1

Picture 2

Picture 3

Picture 4

Explanation:

Refering to picture 1 to 4 are the early sketches to build Malay Garden which is based on the concept of Islam.  This is seen thorugh the usage of geometrical shapes of different sizes which relates between one and the other.

We can also see that the development of geometrical shapes which are squares and circles which are created from a mid point refers that we are all human being who was created by one God.  Than the construction of lines developed to form a square to build a pond which is the basic element in an Islamic garden since ages.

This is because water played many roles within the garden design, emphasizing architectural elements, masking outdoor noise, producing pleasing sounds, irrigating plants, moisturizing and cooling the hot dry microclimate, soothing the dusty wind, and providing a source for ablutions before prayers. The scarcity of water and the difficulty of bringing it to the garden compelled Muslim designers to develop efficient methods of irrigation and to embrace a high regard for water as the indispensable support of life.

Than ornamental Malay patterns are included which was inspired from the Islamic khat writings.  The inventions of single patterned designs were the key element in the making of sculptures at the centre of the garden.  Surrounding it, many embroided patterns were invented.  Both the patterns are so close to the lives of Malays because these patterns always are used since ages to decorate their houses, house of worship, clothes and even the kings palace.

6.3.3 Digital Sketches

Picture 5

Picture 6

Picture 7

Picture 8

Explanation:

Picture 5 depicts the real plan measurements following the feet. Initiating from a mid point it is developed into square lines and circle which follows a certain measurement.  Carefully seen all the shapes are relevant to each other in reference to evolution process.

Picture 6 shows the basic foundation measurements which is moderate 10x10 feet in breath is taken up for the construction of this garden.  This refers to the modesty element which represents the lives of Islam faith and Malay community who are modest.  In the pont which is build a pillar 3x3 feet is to support the sculpture which will be placed above it.

Picture 7 shows that pyramid shaped sculptures which are 5 feet in height are made as main to the whole garden.  It is only decorated with ornamental Malay single patterned design which are meant to create a soft view whereas the pyramid shapes which points to the top is to show the power of Allah SWT who always is in view of the people doings from the above.

Picture 8 is a complete 3D plan which shows the rough plan for the whole garden.  The walking pavement are included to show the direction to enter and exit.  Besides that, the elements of complementary colours are used based on the picking of type, size and colour of rocks to further enhance the Malay Garden in Islamic concept.

6.3.4 Final Sketches

Picture 9

Picture 10

Picture 11

Picture 12

Picture 13

Picture 14

Explanation:

Picture 9 shows the ornamental patterns with embroided pattern which are included around the pond area.  This is a balancing act to provide a holistic shape for the garden and also to create a soft effect.  A variety of colours, shapes and rock types are included to create a harmonious element between a hard and soft texture in the garden plus combining the variation element.

From picture 10 to 14, the author has included a variety of rock colour and types to decorate the garden.  The colours that are used should have a connection with the Malays carving element which usually uses wood colours like redish brown and the colour of soil as an important element in creation.  On the other hand the ornamental patterns from the embroided pattern are drawn in the form of line to balance up the surface area of the circle which is empty and this indirectly lessen the visibility angle.

6.4.5 Final

Picture 15

Picture 16

Picture 17

Picture 18

Picture 19

Picture 20

Explanation:

Picture 15 shows a model for the basic foundation which scaled 1 inch: 1 foot.  It is created bu using thin plywood.  After obtaining all created designs from the measurement of the basic foundation, the wood is cut.  Small brown pebbles are put into as decoration other than providing a harmonious effect at the pond which is square shape.  Tiles design are included around the basic foundation area as a mark.

Picture 16 shows a pyramid shaped model which was created with plywood.  Stones are inserted as weights and to make it more stable when it is directed towards the water fountain from below the pond.

Picture 17 shows the pond model which was created from plywood.  After that it is glued with PVC gum which was done as waterproofing and so that it is more firm and waterproof.  In the picture, the results of the experiments is shown when water is filled into the pond model.

Picture 18 and 19 shows the visual angle of the a Malay Garden model from side and top view.  There are a few incomplete regions for example the embroided pattern and walking pavement stones and other rocks as decoration.

Picture 20 shows the completed garden model.  Starting from the foundation measurement of 10 inches wide, it developed into a circle which contains a square pond and crosses by following a geometrical design of Islamic Garden until it is covered with a big circle as a compliment for the garden.  To enhance the garden, ornamental designs using the embroided patterns are used to create a balance of hard texture on the stones.  As for the waling pavement which is of square shape, small pebbles are put into it to create harmonious effect for the whole Malay garden.  The white and brown coloured stones and contrasting green colour effect of the grass are used to create a variety of effect.  Other than that, the decorative plant model is placed as a background for this Malay garden.

Chapter 7

7.1 Summary and Conclusion

From the above research analysis, the author got to know the variation in types and categories of sculptures and landscapes.  This include shapes and material that are used to produce sculptures and landscapes.

Through the understanding of the author, each sculptures and landscapes that are researched has its own strength and weaknesses.

All the information and study that was conducted are translated in the making of the last authors artwork by enhancing the concepts of garden sculptures based on harmony which is the Islamic principles and teaching in an artwork concept.  All aspects including elements, styles and elements involved in creating a Islamic Landscape and Malay Landscape are combined and is created into a Malay Garden which follows the Islamic concepts.  This is because when actually the Islamic Gardens and Malay Garden analysed does not contain much difference because both are in unity with God.

This fact can be observed by the author analysed the guides for both the garden and when it was changed into own idea through the analysis done on Islamic Garden and shaping of its form than a new dimension of garden was created which was themed as the Malay Garden and inspired by the Islamic Garden.

7.1.1 Strenght and Weakness

Through this study, there were many sources that helped the author in information finding about the Malay Garden.  However, it is found that there are limited information because of not many academic research and other resources which are related to it.

By reading material like magazines and internet resources has helped one way or another to explain about what is related to Sculpture Garden.  From those reading material it was found that only a few books actually narrates about the concept of Garden Art because normally the research are pioneered by landscapers and not artists.

After accomplishing this study it is found that much information that are found are very general.  This is because of the lack of specialists who are able to provide guidance about the garden sculpture.  Through the questionnaire done, people are only able to see sculptures as it is but not more than that.

If it is seen today there are many Local Sculpture Gardens that exists which are more into materialistic concept.  Furthermore it is sad when plagiarism of sculptures from foreign countries creates more fame. This indirectly creates a negative impact to the development of local garden art.

Nevertheless through all the research and development performed, the author at last was able to solve the research of Malay Garden and was interpreted in the form of 3 dimensional model and this was never created by any individual so far in our country

7.1.2 Recommendation

After conducting this research, it was found that limited resources has given the author a tough time in making sure the translation are really precise and clear in each artwork.

If seen from the context of current need based on the request of people, research and the creation of garden sculptures have to multiplied so that more in depth researches about the type and garden landscapes in our country can be researched upon.  This indirectly would create an exposure to our local and also foreigners.

It is recommended that all parties should initiate together in research and development about local culture,  This is because our country consists of many races whereby the sharing of the art and cultural information would further enhance our knowledge about sculpture art and garden art which are actually defined based on the art of the people which portrays through their own cultures.

Research and development should be performed through the exchange of culture, lifestyle and the beauty of local art design. This is due to the reason that is linked between the garden sculptures which is very important in a society which develops a nation.  This indirectly creates an image for the unique ethnic which never follows the influence from the outer world.

The assertion of symbols and Malay garden concepts are hoped to provide an example to the direction of Malay people identity which are blended in the life of Islam who are the majority in this country.

Through the creation of Malay Garden artwork it is hoped that Malay Garden are introduced based on Islamic concepts to the people other than giving a lesson and developing Garden Art in Malaysia.  Indirectly it creates a continuation towards the creation of local garden art which has been already in existence all these while.

Lastly it is recommended that in depth research has to be conducted focusing on the elements in the Malay traditional architecture in particular the field of Garden Art which will directly develop and extend the local academic resource other than increasing the traditional architecture concepts at national and international levels as guide for the future generation.

Reference

1. Otto G. Ocvirk, Robert S., Philip W. R.Bone, Brown & Benchmark, 1994, Art FuFundamentals  Theory & Practice Seventh Edition, Brown & Benchmark Publisher

2.  Jonathan Crowther 1995, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University Pr Press

3. Randolph Quirk, 1978, Longman Dictionary Of Contemporary English, Longman GrGroup Ltd

4. Rihan, 2006, Landscape Black Book 1, Hong Kong Rihan International Culture Co. LtLtd

5.  Dr Oo Yu Hock, 2007, Longman Kamus Dwibahasa, Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd

6.  David Orchard, 1984, The Techniques Of  Wood Sculpture, North Light

7.  John Valentine, 2007, Sculpting In Stone, A & C Publishers Limited

8.  Izzudinshah Abdul Wahab, 2008, Landskap Melayu Semasa, Berita Publishing Sdn Bh Bhd

9.   Anita Pereire, 1991, Gardens For The 21st Century, Aurum Press Ltd

10. Chloe Leaper, 2003, Beginners Guide To Sculpture, Silverdale Books@Bookmart Ltd Ltd

11.  John W Mills Arca, 1968, Sculpture In Concrete, Maclaren & Son Ltd

12.  David S Nateman, 1994, Introduction To Art, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc

13.  Nicolette Baumeister,2007,New Landscape Architecture,Verlaghaus Brauns

14. Takano Landscape Planning,Ganendra Ahmad & Associates,1982,Shah Alam Lake ParPPark &  Landscaping,PKNS

15. Boo Chih Min,Karini Omar-Hor,Ou Yang Chow Lin,2006,1001 Garden Plants In Sin Sin Singapore NParks Publications

16. Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nurhayati Arifin, Noraida Ilias,2001,Pengindahan Landskap TamTaman,Synergy Media Books

17.  Mahayuddin Yahaya,1998, Islam Di Alam Melayu, DBP, Kuala Lumpur

18.  Mustafa Mohammed,1982, Perkembangan Seni Ukir,Warisan Kelantan,DBP, Kuala LumLumpur

19.  John E. Burchard,1967,Gyorg Kepes Cambridge

20.  Lark E. Mason,2002,Asian Art, Antique Collector's Club Ltd

21.  R.G Collingwood,1938,The Principles Of Art,Clarendon Press

22.  Nicolaus Persner,1956,The Art And Architecture,Kingsport Press

23.  Robert Hillenbrand,1994,Islamic Art Architecture,MRM Graphics Ltd

24.  Thames And Hudson,2001,Ideal Cities,British Library

25. Ann Bermingham,1986,Landscape And Ideology,University Of California Press

26. Richard Lewis,Susan I Lewis,1995,The Power Of Art,Harcourt Brace And Company

27. John Willey,2005,Building Type Basic For Recreational Facilies,John Wiley And Son Son IInc

29.  Christine Killory And Rene Davids,2007,Detail In Contemporary Architechture, Arc PrinPrinceton Architectural Press New York

30.  Thames And Hudson,1985,Ninteeth Century Sculpture,British Library

31. Appleton.J,1980,Landscape In The Arts And The Sciences,University of Hull, HullHull.Yorkshire

32.  Ashihara,1983,The Aesthetics Townscape,Cambridge, MIT

33. Bourassa, S.C,1988,Toward A Theory Of Landscape Aesthetics,Landscape And Urb UrbUrbanplanning Vol. 15

34. Hepburn R.W,1968,Aesthetics Appreciation Of Nature,Aestheticsin The Modern WorWorld,Weybright & Talley

35.  Langer,1953,Feeling And Form: A Theory Of Art,New York, Scribner’s

36.  Rose,1976,Nature As Aesthetics Object: An Essay In Meta- Aesthetics,Br. J. Aesthet

37.  Abdul Halim Nasir 1986, Ukiran Kayu Melayu Tradisi, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

38.  Abdul Halim Nasir, 1994, Rumah Melayu Tradisi, Fajar Bakti,Kuala Lumpur

39. Ismail Said, Ahmad Saifuddin Abdullah, Afira Diwati Adnan, 2000, Kajian KlasiKlasifikasi Spesis-spesis Kayu dalam Seni Ukiran Melayu di Semenanjung MalaMalaysia,  Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

40. Dewan Budaya,1984, Seni Ukiran Kayu Tradisional Melayu di Semenanjung MalaMalaysia Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

41.  Lim Jee Yuan, 1987, The Malay House, Institut Masyarakat Pulau Pinang

42. Mohd. Ridha Lua,1990, Komposisi Dan Konsep Pembentukan Hulu Keris, Kajian TopiTopikal,  Jabatan Senibina, Fakulti Alam Bina UTM.

43. Mohamad Hanif Hassan 1997, Kota Lama Duyung, Kuala Terengganu, Kajian Lu LukLukisan Terukur, KALAM, UTM

44. Mohd. Hazriq Mohd. Din 1998-1999, Rumah Haji Muhammad Kaya, Losong, Kuala TereTerengganu,  Kajian Lukisan Terukur, KALAM, UTM

45. Mohd. Taib Osman 1997, Islamic Civilization In The Malay World, Dewan Bahasa dan dan Pustaka

46.  Syed Ahmad Jamal, 1992,Rupa dan Jiwa, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

47. Zulkifli Hanafi, 2000,Pola-pola Hiasan Di dalam Bangunan Tradisional Melayu, KualKuala Lumpur,Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

48. Zulkifli Hanafi 1996, Pembinaan Bangunan Tradisional Melayu, Amber-Solara PubliPublications

49.Mahyudin Al-Mudra,2004,Rumah Melayu:Memangku Adat,Menjemput Zaman Za BKBKPBM,Yogjakarta

50. Yaakub Idris,2005,Rumah Tradisional:Satu Analisis Senibina Melayu,Fajar Bakti

51. Abdul Halim Nasir Dan Wan Hashim Wan The,1997,Warisan Senibina Melayu,UKM

52. Vishakha N.Desai,2006,Asian art History,Yale University Press,New Heaven and LonLondon

53. Meher McArthur,2005,The Art Of Asia,Thames and Hudson Ltd,London

54. Philip Rawson,1967,The Art of Southeast Asia,Thames and Hudson Ltd,London

References

1. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sculpture - date 22.8.09 time: 9.00 pm

2. http://www.fairweathersculpture.com/ - date 22.8.09 time: 9.35 pm

3. http://forum.objectivismonline.net/ - date 22.8.09 time: 9.50 pm

4. http://www.roberttoth.com/2lndscpe.htm - date 23.8.09 time: 9.00 am

5. http://garden.walkerart.org/index.wac - date 23.8.09 time: 1.30 pm

6. http://www.portalmarket.com/gfx/art5 - date 23.8.09 time: 1.55 pm

7.http://www.nga.gov/feature/sculpturegarden/sculpture/sculpture1-  fs.shtm - date 23.8.09 time: 2.00 pm

8. http://www.denisdutton.com/rnz_craft.htm -  date 24.8.09 time: 9.00 pm

9. http://www.execulink.com/~yohan - date 24.8.09 time: 9.45 pm

10.http://www.suite101.com/maryrayme/art_vs_craft - date 26.8.09 time: 10.00 pm

11.http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_art_and_craft - date 28.8.09 time: 10.10 pm

12.http://brianrussellstudio.com/ad- date 28.8.09 time: 9.00 pm

13.http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - date 29.8.09 time: 10.00 pm

14.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture - date 30.8.09 time: 8.00 pm

15.http://raggedclothcafe.com/2008/03/07/craft-vs-art-one-more- time/ - date 30.8.09 time: 9.45 pm

16.http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_art_and_craft - date 31.8.09 time: 11.00 pm

17.http://hafizmnordin.blogspot.com/2009/10/seni-arca.html- date 6.2.10 time 3.32 pm

18.http://www.rahsiataman.com/sejarah/Sejarah.html- date 16.6.10 time 9.42 pm

19.http://www.firstedition.com.my/pengindahan%20landskap%20taman.htm- date 20.8.10 time 9.00 am

20.http://www.env.gov.bn/courses/courses02.htm- date 20.8.10 time 11.32 am

21.http://pendidikanjarakjauhmalaysia.blogspot.com/2009/11/pengaruh-seni-taman- landscape.html- date 26.8.10 time 12.32 pm

22.http://www.mytaman.com/?lang=my&cat=3&id=47&mnu=9- date 27.8.10 time 2.59 pm

23.http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~ahmad/tugasan/s2_99/a67756.htm- date 1.9.10 time 4.55 pm

24.http://www.rahsiataman.com/- date 4.9.10 time 2.12 pm

25.http://www.pedagangit.com/archives/290/tempah-hiasan-taman- di-araslandskapcom- date 4.9.10 time 5.00 pm

26.http://robeeon.net/search/landskap+taman+rumah- date 5.9.10 time 11.49 pm

27.http://alfiraahmad.blogspot.com/2010/01/rumah-melayu.html- date 6.9.10 time 3.32 am

28.http://koleksiwarisanku.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post.html- date 6.9.10 time 8.01 am

29.http://www.google.com.my/#hl=ms&source=hp&q=landskap%2Bmelayu&btnG=Carian+Google&meta=&aq=f&oq=landskap%2Bmelayu&fp=153b5bd2cbe94bc7- date 6.9.10 time 12.45 pm

30.http://psasir.upm.edu.my/378/1/549693_FRSB_2004_1.pdf- date 6.9.10 time 7.32 pm

31.http://blogger.kebumen.info/blogsearch/imej+dan+identity+lanskap+melayu.shtml- date 7.9.10 time 9.00 pm

32.http://malaysiana.pnm.my/senibina/Seni%20Bina%20Web/intro.html- date 8.9.10 time 8.33 pm

33.http://www.wanitakini.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=87- date 9.9.10 time 8.12 am

34.http://lam-tinh.rabbites.cn/asealasu.html- date 9.9.10 time 1.50 pm

35.http://panduanlanskap.blogspot.com/2007/01/panduan-ciri- melayu-hiasi-laman-lot.html- date 9.9.10 time 11.32 pm

36.http://panduanlanskap.blogspot.com/search/label/Landscape%20- Ciri%20Melayu%20hiasi%20laman%20lot%20tengah- date 10.9.10 time 12.10 am

37.http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_Melayu- date 10.9.10 time 3.55 a.m

38.http://malaysiana.pnm.my/04/0413ukir_logam.htm- date 10.9.10 time 1.15 pm

39.http://seniartizza.blogspot.com/2009/10/motif-flora-dan-fauna- dalam-ukiran.html- date 12.9.10 time 2.32 pm

40.http://seniartizza.blogspot.com/search/label/labu%20sayong- date 12.9.10 time 3.35 pm